三、教研优势
1.概况
UPMC has more than 5,000 researchers and professors working in 100 laboratories across four divisions: Modeling & Engineering; Energy, Matter & the Universe; Living Earth & Environment; Life & Health. The research ranges from fundamental to applied, with the aim to push the boundaries of knowledge and to explore major issues of sustainable development that preoccupy our society in the twenty-first century, including health, climate change, water, biodiversity, energy, and communications.Knowledge production happens at all levels, in national and international research laboratories, and with industrial partners through technology transfer and innovation. UPMC has particularly focused on multidisciplinary approaches to boost innovation potential.
巴黎第六大学拥有超过5000名研究人员和教授，他们在四个部门的100个实验室中工作，其中包括：建模和工程、能量，物质和宇宙、生活的地球和环境、生命和健康。这项研究的范围从基础到应用目的是推动知识的边界，探索21世纪的可持续发展的主要问题包括健康、气候变化、水、生物多样性、能源和通讯。在国家和国际研究实验室，以及通过技术转让和创新与工业合作伙伴进行知识生产。巴黎第六大学尤其侧重于多学科的方法，以提高创新潜力。
2.重点研究领域纵览
研究领域一：能源，事物和宇宙
Energy, Matter and the Universe:Progress in the area of health, the protection of the environment, sustainable development and the economic and technological competitiveness of France depends, to a significant extent, on new developments in physics and chemistry.The diversity of the subject matters covered by the UPMC laboratories makes it possible to focus a very wide range of scientific challenges, such as the understanding of the structure of the Universe and matter, which represents an essential contribution to modern scinetific culture, quantum information technologies, nanosciences and new multifunctional materials and molecular chemistry applied to health and sustainable development.
卫生领域的进展、环境的保护、可持续发展和法国的经济和技术竞争力在很大程度上取决于物理和化学的新发展。巴黎第六大学实验室涵盖的主题的多样性使得有可能集中广泛的科学挑战，如对宇宙和物质结构的理解，这代表了对现代科学文化的重要贡献量子信息技术、纳米科学和新的多功能材料和分子化学应用于健康和可持续发展。
研究领域二：生活地球与环境
Living Earth and Environment:Research in these UPMC laboratories is multidisciplinary, ranging from the physics and chemistry of the solid Earth, atmosphere and oceanography to ecology, biodiversity and biology of natural species. In addition to the Paris Campus laboratories, UPMC also maintains three marine stations on the coasts of France, all exceptional observatories of our oceans.There are three main domains: Solid Earth, from (bio-) mineralogy to earth dynamics and resources; Climate, from small-scale processes to long-term climate and paleoclimate; and Ecology, from species evolution to ecosystem services. Major challenges for the next years are to develop transversal axes to address global change issues.A Future Market.This multidisciplinary approach enables the construction of a scientific basis for environmental engineering of sustainable systems, which is both a new science and an emerging new market. Of UPMC‘s four divisions, Living Earth and Environment favors the most synergy between the disciplines represented within its scope, but this interdisciplinary approach also means creating interfaces with the other three divisions. Environmental and sustainable development research involves modeling and engineering (the Modeling and Engineering Division) and eco-designed materials and soft chemistry (the Energy, Matter and the Universe Division). This research also interacts with biology, adaptation, evolution and health (the Life and Health Division)Three Marine Stations.The Centre for Marine Science (MSC) is a federative structure to coordinate and promote joint activities in the field of marine science. The center plays a leading role within the national and European observation and monitoring of the marine environment. With stations at Banyuls-sur-Mer, Roscoff and Villefranche-sur-Mer, UPMC‘s network of marine stations is unique in the world. It has played a major role in the emergence of marine biology and oceanography in Europe since 1872, and today brings together the full range of marine sciences.
这些巴黎第六大学实验室的研究是多学科的，从固体地球、大气和海洋学的物理和化学到生态学、生物多样性和天然物种的生物学。除巴黎校园实验室外，巴黎第六大学还在法国沿海地区拥有三个海洋站，也是我们海洋所有特殊观测站。有三个主要领域：固体地球、从(生物)矿物学到地球动力学和资源、气候，从小规模进程到长期气候和古气候、和生态学，从物种进化到生态系统服务。未来几年的主要挑战是发展横向轴线来解决全球变化问题。未来市场，这种多学科手段使得可持续发展系统的环境工程科学基础建设成为新的科学和新兴市场。在巴黎第六大学的四个部门中，生活地球和环境有利于其范围内代表的学科之间最具协同作用，但这种跨学科的方法也意味着与其他三个部门建立接口。环境与可持续发展研究涉及建模与工程(建模与工程部)和生态设计材料与软化学(能源，物质与宇宙部)。这项研究还与生物学、进化与健康(生命和健康部门)相互作用。三个海事站，海洋科学中心(MSC)是协调和促进海洋科学领域联合活动的联合机构。该中心在国家和欧洲对海洋环境的观察和监测方面发挥主导作用。巴黎第六大学的海洋站网络在Banyuls-sur-Mer，Roscoff和Villefranche-sur-Mer是世界上独一无二的。自1872年以来，它在欧洲海洋生物学和海洋学的发展中发挥了重要作用，今天汇集了全球海洋科学。
3.杰出研究成果介绍
研究成果一：视野：细胞通信中的细菌
Speaking, listening, understanding, interpreting, answering...certain rules govern communication between human beings. A discussion can become a cacophony in no time if the rules are not respected. It's the same for living cells. Just imagine the pandemonium if the several hundred thousand billion cells in our body suddenly stopped "understanding" each other.Biologists have felt this to be true ever since 1858, when Rudolf Virchow produced his cell theory saying that all cells are derived from other cells. But the theory was not confirmed until the early 20th century when, in 1902, William Bayliss and Ernest Starling discovered the first hormone, secretin. Secretin is produced by cells in the upper part of the small intestine, and it carries a "message" that produces a "response" from pancreatic cells. This is to secrete digestive enzymes. Since then, there have been more and more surprises in cell communication studies. In the 1930s, Henry Dale and Otto Loewi discovered that neurones, the nerve cells that produce an electric current, communicate with each other using not electricity, but chemical mediators called neurotransmitters. Twenty years later, Earl Sutherland showed that the way hormones worked on their receptors was more complicated, because some of them activate a "second messenger" in the cell. This discovery has opened up the world of cell signalling, which has become the bread and butter of biology today. Today we know that there is a complicated cell "theatre" in which cells are in contact with similar cells inside tissues, and bathe in a background noise made up of hundreds of chemical signals from other cells, but they only "hear" some of the signals. Since the body depends on this communication, problems can obviously happen if the signals break down or are scrambled. In fact, biologists believe that in most medical conditions, a breakdown in cell communication will have occurred at some point. Here we will look at three of these communication "bugs". Osteoarthritis, a disease affecting the cartilage of joints; cancer, in which many different molecular signals are involved, such as little molecules called chemokines; and nervous system disorders that can be caused by cell death messengers, and which researchers are trying to prevent or cure by using neuron growth stimulation factors.In osteoarthritis, some cells in the joints are modified "under the influence" of inflammatory mediators. The result is slow but irreversible destruction of the cartilage. Throughout our life, we give our joints a very hard time. With time, pains appear that tell us rheumatic conditions are setting in, and the most common of these is osteoarthritis. This condition affects over 15% of the population in industrialized countries (85% of over 70s). It is also called degenerative joint disease, an explicit way of saying that the elastic part of the joint, the cartilage, is progressively being destroyed.Intuitively, it would seem that the erosion is mechanical, and caused by forces on the joints. "Not at all", says Prof Francis Berenbaum, Head of Rheumatology in the St Antoine Hospital, and researcher in the UPMC Physiology and Physiopathology Unit (UMR CNRS 7079, IFR 83). Joints are not made of inert mechanical parts, but of living tissue. As well as cartilage, there are the tips of the bones which fit into it, and the synovial tissue which produces a lubricating liquid. In fact, cartilage degeneration is caused by the increased production of certain enzymes called metalloproteases (MMP), by cells of the cartilage itself, chondrocytes. It's a case of self-destruction! Whatever causes a joint to self-destroy? In fact cartilage is composed of a "matrix" secreted by the chondrocytes, which are distributed through it. It is made up of protein fibres called collagens and a sort of gel made of large protein and sugar molecules called proteoglycans. And the very chondrocytes that produce the matrix trigger its destruction by synthesising metalloproteases that can attack the collagens and the proteoglycans! In parallel, they transform and secrete a matrix, but of a poorer quality.Why do chondrocytes have this dual role? Answer: because of poorly understood initial events, which cause them to liberate chemical mediators, known to be involved in the inflammatory defence reaction, explains Francis Berenbaum. These mediators, mainly cytokines (especially interleukin 1) and lipid mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in turn activate the production of metalloproteases by these same cells. Furthermore, the chondrocytes carry receptors that are sensitive to mechanical pressure, and they interpret this in the same way as chemical signals.In this tumult of cell communication, the two other components of the joints, bone and synovial tissue, also play their part. So when cartilage begins to break down, small fragments of matrix fall into the joint cavity and cause the synovial cells (synoviocytes) to produce inflammatory mediators which cause the destruction of the cartilage.
说、听、理解、解释、回答……某些规则支配着人与人之间的交流。如果不尊重规则，讨论就会变成不和谐的声音。对于活细胞来说也是一样的。试想一下，如果我们体内的几十万亿个细胞突然停止“相互理解”，那将是一场大混乱。细胞通信中的“缺陷”，自1858年以来，生物学家们一直认为这是正确的，当时Rudolf Virchow提出了他的细胞理论，说所有的细胞都来自其他细胞。但这一理论直到20世纪初才被证实，在1902年，William Bayliss和Ernest Starling发现了第一种激素，分泌素。分泌素是由小肠上部的细胞产生的，它携带一个“信息”，产生来自胰腺细胞的“反应”。这是分泌消化酶。从那以后，细胞交流研究中出现了越来越多的惊喜。在上世纪30年代，亨利戴尔和Otto Loewi发现，神经细胞，产生电流的神经细胞，通过不使用电来相互交流，但化学介质被称为神经递质。20年后，Earl Sutherland指出，荷尔蒙在受体上的作用更复杂，因为其中一些人在细胞中激活了“第二信使”。这一发现开启了细胞信号的世界，如今已成为生物学的“面包和黄油”。今天，我们知道有一个复杂的细胞“剧院”，细胞与组织中的相似细胞接触，并沐浴在由其他细胞发出的数百种化学信号组成的背景噪音中，但它们只是“听到”一些信号。由于身体依赖于这种交流，如果信号中断或被打乱，问题很可能会发生。事实上，生物学家认为，在大多数的医疗条件下，细胞通讯的崩溃会在某个时候发生。在这里，我们将研究其中的三个“bug”。骨关节炎，一种影响关节软骨的疾病;癌症，其中有许多不同的分子信号，比如叫做趋化子的小分子;神经系统紊乱可能是由细胞死亡信使引起的，而研究人员正试图通过使用神经元生长刺激因子来阻止或治愈这种疾病。骨关节炎或软骨"受影响"，在骨关节炎中，关节内的一些细胞在炎症介质的影响下被修改。结果是软骨的缓慢但不可逆转的破坏。在我们的一生中，我们给我们的关节一个非常艰难的时刻。随着时间的推移，疼痛似乎告诉我们，风湿性疾病正在发生，其中最常见的是骨关节炎。这一状况影响了工业化国家超过15%的人口(超过70岁的85%)。它也被称为退化性关节疾病，一种明确的说法是关节的弹性部分，软骨，正在逐渐被破坏。贪婪的酶，直观地看，似乎侵蚀是机械的，是由关节上的力量引起的。“根本不是”，Francis Berenbaum教授说，他是圣安托万医院的风湿病学主任，也是巴黎第六大学生理学和物理病理学单元的研究人员(UMR，7079，IFR 83)。关节不是由无生命的机械部件组成的，而是活组织。除了软骨，还有骨头的尖端，以及能产生润滑液的滑液组织。事实上，软骨退化是由某些叫做金属蛋白酶(MMP)的酶的增加引起的，它是由软骨本身，软骨细胞组成的。
这是一个自我毁灭的例子!是什么导致了一个联合的自我毁灭?事实上软骨是由由软骨细胞分泌的一个“基质”组成的。它由一种叫做“collagens”的蛋白质纤维构成，一种由蛋白质和糖分子组成的凝胶，叫做蛋白聚糖。而产生基质的软骨细胞会通过合成金属蛋白酶来破坏它们的破坏，这些蛋白可以攻击collagens和蛋白聚糖!同时，它们转换和分泌一个矩阵但质量较差。杰基尔博士和海德先生，为什么软骨细胞有这种双重作用?答:由于人们对最初的事件知之甚少，这导致他们释放化学介质，这是众所周知的炎症防御反应，Francis Berenbaum解释说。这些介质，主要是细胞因子(特别是白细胞介素1)和脂质介质，如丙二烯(PGE2)，反过来激活了这些相同细胞的金属蛋白的生产。此外，软骨细胞携带对机械压力敏感的受体，它们以同样的方式解释这一现象，就像化学信号一样。在这种细胞通讯的混乱中，关节的另外两个组成部分，骨和滑膜组织，也有pla为什么软骨细胞有这种双重作用?答:由于人们对最初的事件知之甚少，这导致他们释放化学介质，这是众所周知的炎症防御反应，Francis Berenbaum解释说。这些介质，主要是细胞因子(特别是白细胞介素1)和脂质介质，如丙二烯(PGE2)，反过来激活了这些相同细胞的金属蛋白的生产。此外，软骨细胞携带对机械压力敏感的受体，它们以同样的方式解释这一现象，就像化学信号一样。在这种细胞通讯的混乱中，关节的另外两个组成部分，骨和滑膜组织也发挥了作用。因此，当软骨开始破裂时，基质的小片段就会进入关节腔，导致滑膜细胞(滑膜细胞)产生炎症介质，从而导致软骨的破坏。
研究成果二：胶凝凝胶和生物组织的一种革命性的方法
Researchers have discovered an efficient and easy-to-use method for bonding together gels and biological tissues. A team headed by Ludwik Leibler, involving researchers from the Laboratory of Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering Physico-Chemistry of Polymers and Dispersed Media (CNRS/ UPMC/ESPCI ParisTech), has succeeded in obtaining very strong adhesion between two gels by spreading on their surface a solution containing nanoparticles. Until now, there was no entirely satisfactory method of obtaining adhesion between two gels or two biological tissues. Published online in Nature on 11 December 2013, this work could pave the way for numerous medical and industrial applications.Gels are materials that are mainly composed of a liquid, for example water, dispersed in a molecular network that gives them their solidity. Examples of gels in our everyday lives are numerous: gelatin used in desserts, redcurrant jelly, contact lenses or the absorbent part of children’s nappies. Biological tissues such as skin, muscles and organs have strong similarities with gels but, until now, gluing these soft and slippery liquid-filled materials using adhesives normally composed of polymers was a seemingly impossible task.Leibler* is recognized for inventing completely original materials combining real industrial interest with profound theoretical concepts. The work he carried out in collaboration with Alba Marcellan and their colleagues at the Laboratoire Matière Molle et Chimie (CNRS/ESPCI ParisTech) and the Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Polymères et Milieux Dispersés (CNRS/ UPMC/ESPCI ParisTech) has resulted in a novel idea: gluing gels together by spreading a solution of nanoparticles on their surface.The principle is the following: the nanoparticles of the solution bind to the molecular network of the gel, a phenomenon known as adsorption and, at the same time, the molecular network binds the particles together. In this way, the nanoparticles establish innumerable connections between the two gels. The adhesion process only takes a few seconds. The method does not require the addition of polymers and does not involve any chemical reaction.An aqueous solution of nanoparticles of silica, a compound that is readily available and widely used in industry, particularly as a food additive, makes it possible to glue together all types of gel, even when they do not have the same consistency or the same mechanical properties. Apart from the rapidity and simplicity of use, the adhesion provided by the nanoparticles is strong since the junction often withstands deformation better than the gel itself. In addition to offering excellent resistance to immersion in water, the adhesion is also self-repairing: two pieces that have become unstuck can be repositioned and glued back together without adding nanoparticles. Silica nanoparticles are not the only materials that display these properties. The researchers have obtained similar results using cellulose nanocrystals and carbon nanotubes.Finally, to illustrate the potential of this discovery in the field of biological tissues, the researchers successfully glued together two pieces of calf’s liver cut with a scalpel using a solution of silica nanoparticles.This discovery opens up new applications and areas of research, particularly in the medical and veterinary fields and especially in surgery and regenerative medicine. It may for example be possible to use this method to glue together skin or organs having undergone an incision or a deep lesion. This method could moreover be of interest to the food processing and cosmetics industries as well as to manufacturers of prostheses and medical devices (bandages, patches, hydrogels, etc.).
研究人员发现了一种有效且易于使用的方法，可以将凝胶和生物组织结合在一起。由Ludwik Leibler领导的一个团队，包括了软物质科学实验室和聚合物和分散媒体(CNRS/upmc/espci教区)的研究人员，已经成功地在两种凝胶间传播了一种含有纳米粒子的溶液。到目前为止，还没有一种完全令人满意的方法来获得两种凝胶或两种生物组织之间的附着力。这项结果将于2013年12月11日在自然杂志上发表，这将为众多的医疗和工业应用铺平道路。凝胶是一种主要由液体组成的物质，例如水，分散在分子网络中，使其具有稳定性。在我们日常生活中，凝胶的例子数不胜数:在甜点、红醋栗果冻、隐形眼镜或儿童尿布的吸水部分中使用的明胶。皮肤、肌肉和器官等生物组织与凝胶有很大的相似之处，但直到现在，用通常由聚合物组成的粘合剂来粘合这些柔软而光滑的液体材料似乎是不可能完成的任务。Leibler被认为是发明了完全的原始材料，结合了真正的工业利益和深刻的理论概念。他与Alba Marcellan合作进行的工作和他们的同事在Laboratoire Matiere Molle是的et Chimie(CNRS / ESPCI ParisTech)和Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des聚合物等Milieux分散(CNRS / UPMC ESPCI ParisTech)导致了一个新奇的想法:胶凝胶由纳米颗粒的表面传播解决方案。原理如下:溶液中的纳米粒子与凝胶的分子网络结合，这一现象被称为吸附，同时，分子网络将粒子结合在一起。通过这种方式，纳米粒子在两种凝胶之间建立了无数的联系。粘附过程只需要几秒钟。
这种方法不需要添加聚合物，也不需要任何化学反应。CNRS照片/espm/mmc-MARCELLAN二氧化硅是一种化合物，它是一种很容易被广泛应用于工业中的化合物，特别是作为一种食品添加剂，它使所有类型的凝胶粘在一起，即使它们没有相同的一致性或相同的机械性能。除了使用的速度和简单性，纳米颗粒的附着力还很好，因为结合力往往比凝胶本身更容易变形。除了对水的浸泡提供极好的抵抗外，它的附着力也是自我修复:两个已经脱壳的碎片可以重新定位和粘在一起，而不需要添加纳米粒子。二氧化硅纳米颗粒并不是显示这些特性的唯一材料。研究人员利用纤维素纳米晶体和碳纳米管获得了类似的结果。最后，为了说明这一发现在生物组织领域的潜力，研究人员成功地用一种硅纳米颗粒的溶液将两块小腿的肝切成小块。这一发现开创了新的研究领域，特别是在医学和兽医领域，特别是在外科和再生医学领域。例如，有可能使用这种方法将皮肤或组织的皮肤或器官组织在切口或深处。这种方法对食品加工和化妆品行业以及假肢和医疗设备制造商(绷带、贴片、水凝胶等)都是有兴趣的。
>>>请继续阅读第3页为巴黎第六大学校园环境及杰出校友的详细介绍。
