高考英语作文必背范文

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　　Types of Speech

　　Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of alanguage in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, thesewords and expressions are well defined and listed in standarddictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idiomsthat are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used ininformal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formalsituations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang,however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number ofspeakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries butwill be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slangare more common in speech than in writing.

　　Colloquialspeech often passes into standard speech. Some slang alsopasses into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentarypopularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority neveraccepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retainsthem in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require itsown set of words to describe familiar objects and events.

　　It has beenpointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions arenecessary for the creation of a large body of slang ex...

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　　Nitinol

　　Nitinol is one of the most extraordinary metals to be discoveredthis century: A simple alloy of nickel and titanium, nitinol has someperplexing properties. A metal with a memory, it can be made to remember anyshape into which it is fashioned, returning to that shape whenever it isheated.For example, a piece of nitinol wire bent to form a circle that is thenheated and quenched will remember this shape. It may then be bent or crumpled, but on reheating, will violently untwist,reforming its original shape. This remarkable ability is calledShape Memory Effect(SME); other alloys, such asbrasses, are known to possess it to a limited extent. No one fully understands SME, and nitinol remains particularlyperplexing, for, whenever it performs this peculiar feat, it appearsto be breaking the laws of thermodynamics by springing back into shape withgreater force than was used to deform it in the first place.

　　But not only is nitinol capable of remembering, it also has the ability to "learn". If theheating-cooling-crumpling-reheating process is carried out sufficiently often,and the metal is always crumpled in exactly the same way, the nitinol willnot only remember its original shape, but gradually it learns toremember its crumpled form as well, and will begin to return to the samecrumpled shape every time it is cooled.

　　Eventually, the metal will crumple and uncrumple,totally unaided, in response to changes in...

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　　FolkCultures

　　A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearlyself-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strongfamily or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintainedthrough sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonalrelationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively littledivision of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected toperform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistenceeconomy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as aresocial classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrializedcountries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modernequivalent in Anglo America is the Amish, a German American farming sect thatlargely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to ownautomobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut"humility", clearly reflects the weakness of individualism andsocial class so typical of folk cultures and there is a correspondingstrength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of theMennonite faith, pr...

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　　Suburbanization

　　If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidlythan its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization beganduring the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of thenineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compactcluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed byhorse and cart.

　　But the early factories built in the 1830's and 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housingwas needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. Intime, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns ofapartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge theirtax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors.In1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, mostgreat cities of the United States achieved such status only byincorporating the communities along their borders.

　　With theacceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding andaccompanying social stress -- conditions that began to approach disastrousproportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn tro...

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　　CreatingColors

　　There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method,called additive, starts with three basic colors and adds themtogether to produce some other colors. The second method, calledsubtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum)and by taking away some or all other colors leaves the one desired.

　　In the additive method separate colored lights arecombined to produce various other colors. The three additive primarycolors are green, red and blue (each proportions, about one third of thewavelengths in the total spectrum). Mixed in varyingproportions, they can produce all colors.

　　Green and red light mix to produce yellow, redand blue light mix to produce magenta, green and blue mix toproduce cyan. When equal parts of all three of theseprimary colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye.Inthe subtractive process, colors are produced when dye (as in paint or colorphotographic materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part ofthe spectrum. The subtractive primaries are cyan (ablulish green), magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow; these are the pigments or dyesthat absorb red, green and bluewavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting them from whitelight. These dye colors are the complementary colors tothe three additive primaries of red, green and blue. Properlycombined, the subtractive primaries can ...

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　　Treasurein Sunken Ships

　　Of the tens of thousands of ships on the ocean bottom, only ahandful, less than 1 percent, contain negotiable treasure, such as goldand jewels. Most give us a different priceless treasure -- history. A sunkenship lies in trust, preserved in the airless environment of the sea andthose in deep water are especially well protected. No dry land sitesanywhere -- except perhaps Egyptian tombs -- are in a better state ofpreservation than a vessel deep in the ocean. A sunken ship,therefore, can be a rare window through which a moment in time is glimpsed.

　　This is not to imply that sunken ships are alwaysfound intact. Most ships break up on the way down, hit the bottom at about 100miles per hour, and become a chaotic, confusing jumble. I recall the chagrin ofa novice diver who, after surfacing from an underwater tour of a 400-footship, asked his diving buddy, "Where was the wreck?" It takesexperience to actually know a sunken ship when one seesit. But no matter what its condition on the way down, a shipdeteriorates much more slowly as it sinks deeper into protective layers ofsand and mud. Ancient vessels have been found in remarkably good condition. In1977 a group of marine archaeologists excavating a 900-year-old wreck recoveredengraved glassware. Greek coins, bronze kettles, and amazingly, Greek jarscontaining seeds, almonds, and lentils -- even a plate with chicken bones.