厄尔尼诺

　　出国留学网托福栏目为大家整理了《托福阅读题厄尔尼诺题材》，希望大家充分利用相关信息资料，备战考试!

　　托福阅读题厄尔尼诺题材

　　The research is published online in the journal Nature Geoscience(地球科学). El Nino is a periodic(周期的)warming in the eastern tropical Pacific that occurs along the coast of South America. Recently, scientists have noticed that El Nino warming is stronger in the Central Pacific rather than the Eastern Pacific, a phenomenon known as El Nino Modoki (Modoki is a Japanese term for "similar, but different").

　　Last year, the journal Nature published a paper that found climate change is behind this shift from El Nino to El Nino Modoki. While the findings of that paper are still being debated, this latest paper in Nature Geoscience presents evidence that El Nino Modoki drives a climate pattern known as the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO).

　　"We've found that El Nino Modoki is responsible for changes in the NPGO,"said Emanuele Di Lorenzo, associate professor in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "The reason this is important is because the NPGO has significant effects on fish stocks(鱼类)and ocean nutrient distributions(海洋营养分布)in the Pacific, especially along the west coast of the United States."

　　The NPGO, first named two years ago by Di Lorenzo and colleagues in a paper in Geophysical Research Letters, explained for the first time long-term changes in ocean circulation of the North Pacific, which scientists now link to an ...

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　　The recent, apparently successful prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of EI Nino- the warm ocean current that periodically develops along (5) the Pacific coast of South America-has excited researchers. Jacob Bjerknes pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern (10) equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to the other, as happens in the periodic oscillations (15) between appearances of the warm EI Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is (20) correct, is to be found in the ocean. It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the (25) coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer (30) surface water int a "pile" that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of (35) the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the cast, simultaneous...

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　　厄尔尼诺

　　A.概念：每年年终圣诞节前后，南美的秘鲁和厄瓜多尔沿岸海温上升的现象称为厄尔尼诺现象，它是热带海洋和大气相互作用的产物。它就象一口“暖池”，通过表层温度的变化对大气加热场产生变化进而给各地的天气带来变化，使原来干旱少雨的地方(如秘鲁沿岸)产生洪涝，而通常多雨的地方(印尼、澳大利亚东海岸)易出现长时间的干旱少雨。

　　B.“厄尔尼诺”对气候的影响：

　　① 中、东太平洋及南美太平洋沿岸国家异常多雨，甚至出现洪涝灾害;

　　② 热带西太平洋降水减少，印度尼西亚、澳大利亚发生严重干旱。

　　③ 厄尔尼诺发生时，由于水温高、秘鲁渔场浮游生物减少，鱼得不到食物而大量死亡，所以以鱼为食的海鸟也将死亡或迁徒。影响生态环境

　　C.厄尔尼诺现象对我国所造成的气候异常主要有以下几个方面。

　　① 台风减少;

　　② 是我国北方夏季易发生高温、干旱。

　　③ 我国南方易发生低温、洪涝。

　　④ 在厄尔尼诺现象发生后的冬季，我国北方地区容易出现暖冬。

　　⑷ 拉尼娜现象影响我国气候

　　“拉尼娜”是西班牙语“圣女”的意思，指赤道附近东太平洋水温反常下降的一种现象，其引起的气候变化特征恰好与赫赫有名的“厄尔尼诺”相反，并与厄尔尼诺同成为当前预报全球气候系统异常的最强信号。

　　aerosol 造成的global cooling. Aerosol，small solid particle pollutant that suspends in the air, generated by the power plant, can cause the "cold climate" effect. It forms cloud in the sky and sheds the earth from getting the sun radiation, creating cooling effect. However, it does not eliminite but mask the green house effect. The cold climate effect, itself, is not dangerous, since it does not prolong: if all the power station should be shut down at one time, the effect will disappear almost immediately. But the masking effect of it on green house effect,which is chronic, can be dangerous, since people tend to underestimate the actual serverity of the green house effect.

　　现在科学家通常比较关注地球变暖的问题，但是现在其实也存在环境变冷的问题。某种工厂排出的物质比较容易形成小水珠，并导致云层的形成，造成热量被反射(大概是太阳到地球的热量被反射掉了吧，原文没有写清楚，也没有仔细想)。地球两极的冰层上空的环境变冷现象尤其明显。有数据表明除了冬天以外，在其它季节地球的温度实际上没有变化或是下降了。变冷效应的最大问题实际上是掩盖了地球变暖现象(我想是因为变冷效应可以抵消变暖效应，导致变暖效应不明显，这里出了一道题)，如果限制工厂排放那种气体，变冷效应可以得到控制，但是变暖现象就会更突出了。 那种气体的名称好像是aerosol。其中有一道题问的是作者对以下哪个问题进行了解释，我选择的是C. aerosol是如何影响云的反射率的?(文中有一处细节提到aerosol导致环境变冷的一个原因是它会生成一种比普通的云更白的云，从而使更多的太阳光被反射)

　　发电站排放一种颗粒造成白天云层反射太阳光增强导致掩盖温室效应,但夜间温度能反应温室效应. 第一段讲环境学家越来越注重这种物质，说他怎么使温度降低，还有对晚上和冬天气温影响不大 (好像没题)第二段讲他对于气候的影响是复杂的：说了3点，最后一点最重要，因为是他掩盖了温室效应，

　　Q1: 主题题【explain the effects of a phenomenon】

　　Q2: 第二段的第一点的作用?【第二段开头的同意变换】

　　Q3: 文章提到了下面哪一点?【选项都是解释了什么东西，答案在第二段的第二点，是说云层如何反射】

　...

　　The recent, apparently successful prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of EI Nino- the warm ocean current that periodically develops along (5) the Pacific coast of South America-has excited researchers. Jacob Bjerknes pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern (10) equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to the other, as happens in the periodic oscillations (15) between appearances of the warm EI Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is (20) correct, is to be found in the ocean. It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the (25) coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer (30) surface water int a "pile" that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of (35) the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea ...

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厄尔尼诺现象