Unit3学习能力
Text1 正文
The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years, and, therefore, are subjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.
To find this out, l, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with these results:
On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemed content with their lives.
About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors. A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs. The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.
The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents.
In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth.
In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practical reality.
Text1 习题
1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is ________.
[A] true in all senses
[B] refuted by the author
[C] medically proven
[D] a belief of the author
2. The survey of bright children was made to ________.
[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults
[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years
[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted
[D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out
3. Intelligence tests showed that ________.
[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy
[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence
[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults
[D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores
Text1全文翻译
聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽”从而变得一事无成甚至患有精神疾病，这种旧有的说法是没有根据的。事实上，聪明的孩子的杰出之处在于他们很可能在成年后还是很聪明的。
为了验证这一结论，实验跟踪监测了1,500名有天赋的人，这个实验一直进行到他们35岁为止，结果发现：
在成人智力测试上，他们的得分同他们孩提时的得分一样高。作为一个群体，他们身心状况良好。在这个群体中，有84%的人已经结婚了而且似乎对自己的生活感到满意。
虽然只有30%的人是优秀毕业生，但大学毕业的人数约为70%。虽然有几个人曾中途退学，但是其中将近一半的人又重新返回了学校并毕业。其中男性中的80%的人在专业领域、企业管理或是半专业领域里从事工作。而其中仍为单身的女性也在办事处、企业或专业领域工作。
这群人已经编著了90本书并在科学、学术以及文学杂志上发表了1500篇文章以及拥有100多项专利权。
在现实生活中，他们也表现良好。这群天资禀赋之人，尤其是其中的男人，虽然比较年轻，但与全国其他人相比，他们的平均收入却高得多。
事实上，不足为奇，大多数的天才都会将其早年的迹象转化为现实。
Text1 重点句
About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors.A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate.Of the men, 80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs.The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.
该句意义：
这段中，使用了列数字的方法，为文章的论点提供了详实的论据，即上大学的比例，男性的成功比例，和女性的成功比例。这种列数字的方法，是英语二的图表作文中最常考察的，所以各位同学可以加以注意，也可以使用其在自己的作文中。
该句语法：
(1)让步状语从句：though only 30 per cent had graduated with honors.
(2)定语从句：The women who had remained
Text1 习题答案
答案:BAC
1. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years is ________.
1. 聪明的孩子年少时就“江郎才尽“这种旧有的说法______。
[A] true in all senses
[A] 在任何意义上来说都是正确的
[B] refuted by the author
[B] 被作者驳斥了
[C] medically proven
[C] 是有医学根据的
[D] a belief of the author
[D] 是作者的一种信仰
2. The survey of bright children was made to ________.
2. 对聪明的孩子进行调查是为了________.
[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults
[A] 查明这些有天赋的孩子成年后的状况如何
[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out” in the early years
[B] 证明聪明的孩子年少时就会“江郎才尽”
[C] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted
[C] 得到这些天才儿童中患精神疾病的人的比例
[D] prove that talented children never burn themselves out
[D] 证明天才儿童永远都不会“江郎才尽”
3. Intelligence tests showed that ________.
3. 智力测试表明_______。
[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy
[A] 聪明的孩子是不可能精神正常的
[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence
[B] 从孩提到成年智力丧失很严重的
[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults
[C] 天才儿童成年后最可能成为有才华的人
[D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scores
[D] 当天才儿童成年后很难取得成就
Unit3成长历程
Text2 正文
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
Text2 习题
1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________.
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[B] social recognition
[C] socio-economic status
[D] certain behavioral changes
3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.
[A] eleven years old
[B] sixteen years old
[C] twenty-one years old
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
4. Starting from 22, ________.
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
5. According to the passage, it is true that ________.
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
Text 2全文翻译
青春期，也就是童年与成年之间的这段时期，可长可短。其长短取决于社会期望值和社会对成熟和成年的定义。原始社会中，青春期通常是相当短的一段时期。而在工业化社会里，由于人们接受教育时间的延长以及反童工法的制定，青春期要长很多，它包含了人生中第二个十年(十岁到二十岁)的大部分时间。另外，在某一社会中，青春期的长度和成年地位的定义可能会随社会经济条件的改变而改变。这种变化譬如：19世纪后期，美国乃至所有由农业化走向工业化的国家里不再存在青春期和成年期的界限。
现代社会中，青春期的各种仪式已不被正式认可，也不再具有象征意义，人们对其“开始仪式”也不再有统一的认识。社会仪式已经被一系列的“阶段”所取代，这些“阶段”将使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。例如，小学毕业，中学毕业，大学毕业就形成了这样一个系列。每一个“阶段”都意味着某些行为变化和一定的社会认可度，其意义大小则取决于个人的社会经济地位和受教育的目标。青春期的各种仪式也已经被法律意义上的地位、权利、特权、和责任所取代。从12岁生日起到21岁生日这九年之间，逐渐去除了儿童时代受到的保护和限制和较低的社会地位，同时又逐渐被赋予成年人的权利和责任。人到了12岁就不再被看作孩子，乘火车、飞机、或去剧院、电影院时必须买全票。基本上可以这样说，这一年龄的个人失去了儿童的特权，却没有得到明显的成年人权利。16岁的青少年会得到某些成人的权利，通过得到更多的自由和选择而提高社会地位。他可以获得驾照;可以离开公立学校;可以不再受童工法的限制。18岁时，他可以得到法律认可的成人权利和义务;可以参军，可以在不得到父母的允许的情况下结婚。21岁时，他会得到成年人完全的法律权利。他可以投票，可以买酒，可以签署商业合同，可以有权竞选公职。进入成年状态后，就不再因为年龄的增长而享受到更多的权利。所有法律条款都没有决定到底什么年龄算是进入成年，但它们的确表明青春期延长了。
Text2 重点句
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.
该句意义：
该段落通过下定义和作比较的方法，对于青春期做出了相关的说明。这种方法我们可以将青春期这种时间可以转化为其他的时间，即可以直接应用于写作之中。
该句语法：
(1)英语缩略语：“ i.e.”其为拉丁语“id est“的缩写。其意义为：也就是;即。
(2)非谓语动词做状语： depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. 可翻译为：取决于……
(3)宾语从句：to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.
Text2 习题答案
答案:CACCA
1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_______.
1. 工业社会中的青春期变长许多的原因是____。
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[A] 成熟的定义发生了改变
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[B] 工业化社会更加发达。
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[C] 人们所受的教育增多以及反童工法的制定
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
[D] 青春期的各种仪式已不再得到正式承认，且失去了其象征意义。
2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_________.
2. 先前用于标志青春期的社会仪式已经被________所取代。
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[A] 从各类学校毕业
[B] social recognition
[B] 社会认可
[C] socio-economic status
[C] 社会经济地位
[D] certain behavioral changes
[D] 某些行为变化
3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_______.
3. 若要享受完全的成年人特权，必须达到________。
[A] eleven years old
[A] 11岁
[B] sixteen years old
[B] 16岁
[C] twenty-one years old
[C] 21岁
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
[D]12到21岁之间。
4. Starting from 22, _______.
4. 从22岁开始，_____________。
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[A] 个人会得到更多的基本权利
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[B] 一个人越老，拥有的基本权利越多
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[C] 个人的基本权利将不会比21岁时有所增加。
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
[D] 人们将享有社会赋予的更多的权利
5. According to the passage, it is true that___.
5. 根据文章内容，____________。
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[A] 19世纪晚期，美国已不再有青春期和成年期的划分
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[B] 直到21岁，人们才可以在不得到父母的情况下结婚
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[C] 获得驾照的人就可以算是成人了
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
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Unit3成长历程
Text3 正文
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
Text3 习题
1. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
2. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
3. This passage mainly deals with ________.
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[C] was clearly stated by the country’s founders
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
Text3全文翻译
特殊儿童在一些重要的方面不同于其他同龄的孩子。对于这些孩子来说，要把他们全部的成熟的潜力开发出来，他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。
虽然我们关注的是特殊儿童的需要，但却发现我们也在描述他们的生活环境。当舞台上的主角吸引了我们的注意力后，我们也意识到配角及戏剧场景的重要性。特殊儿童所处的家庭及社会环境常常是他们成长和发展的关键。正是在公立学校里我们感受到了社会知性的充分体现——向下一代传授知识、希望和恐惧。
任何社会的教育都是反映该社会的一面镜子。在这面镜子里，我们可以看到优点、弱点、希望、偏见，以及文化本身的核心价值。过去30年间公共教育表现出的对特殊儿童的巨大关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈情绪，即所有公民，不论情况怎么特殊，都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。
“人人生来平等”。这句话我们已听过无数次，但在民主社会它对教育仍然有着极其重要的寓意。尽管这句话被国家建立者们用来表示法律面前人人平等，它也被解释为机会面前人人平等。这个概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每个儿童，不管其本身的能力大小与否，都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。最近的法庭裁决已再次确定了所有儿童——不论残疾与否——都有接受适当的教育的权利，并已命令公立学校采取必要的措施来提供这种教育。作为回应，学校也在调整课程安排，使授课能够适应特殊儿童，适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。
Text3 重点句
Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself.
该句意义：
在该句中使用“mirror”这个比喻，即借用镜子会反映真实反映情况的东西这一特征，进而说明教育是社会的镜子，即可以从教育这个角度看一个社会的全貌。凡是教育类的写作，皆可以应用该句子，直接带入写作中。
该句语法：
(1)介词短语做后置定语：in any society
(2) 介词短语做前置状语省略逗号：In that minor，本应有逗号，但是在该句中省略。
(3)平行结构中三者以上并列：the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values
(4)反身代词做同位语：itself=culture
Text3 习题答案
答案：ACDA
1.In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that____.
1.第二段作者引用舞台主角的例子目的是为了说明______。
[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society
[A] 特殊儿童的成长与家庭和社会有很大关系
[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are
[B] 与正常儿童相比，特殊儿童受到的家庭影响更大
[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society
[C] 家庭和社会最感兴趣的是特殊儿童
[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children
[D] 社会的需要比特殊儿童的需要重要得多
2.The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.
2.特殊儿童在教育上得到很多关注的原因是___________。
[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society
[A] 他们有望成为社会领袖
[B] they might become a burden of the society
[B] 他们有可能成为社会负担
[C] they should fully develop their potentials
[C] 他们应该充分发挥自己的潜力
[D] disabled children deserve special consideration
[D] 残疾儿童值得特殊关注
3.This passage mainly deals with__.
3.文章的主要内容是_________。
[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities
[A] 孩子在学习能力上的差异
[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society
[B] 现代社会中特殊儿童的定义
[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children
[C] 为特殊儿童设的特殊教育项目
[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children
[D] 使教育适应特殊儿童的特点的必要性
4. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.
4.从文章可知，对特殊儿童教育的关注_________。
[A] is now enjoying legal support
[A] 正受到法律的支持
[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country
[B] 与本国传统不符
[C] was clearly stated by the country’ s founders
[C] 被国家创立者明确地表达出来
[D] will exert great influence over court decisions
[D] 将会对法庭的裁决起很大影响
Unit3成长历程
Text4 正文
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
Text4 习题
1. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[C] he is keen on leaning anything new
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
2. In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
3. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to ________.
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
[B] a new way of taking risks
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
4. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except ________.
[A] curiosity about more chances
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
[B] promptness in self-adaptation
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Text4全文翻译
看待成长有两种基本态度：一种视其为结果，一种视其为过程。人们通常视个人成长为容易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。工人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言——这些都可以表明人们付出努力之后，取得了可测定的成绩。
相比之下，测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。因为从定义来看，它是一段旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。成长过程不是道路本身，而是当遭遇新的情况或未预料到的坎坷时所持的态度和情感，是慎重行事还是勇往直前。在这个过程中，旅行永远不会真正结束;总是有新的方法来感受世界，总会尝试新思想，接受新挑战。
为了成长，为了探索新路，人们需要乐意去冒险，去勇敢面对未知事物，去接受他们也许会一开始就“失败”的可能性。当我们尝试一种新的生存方式时，我们如何看待自己对我们的成长能力至关重要。我们认为自己快捷、有好奇心吗?如果是的话，那我们往往会抓住更多的机会，更愿意去体验不熟悉的事情。我们认为自己腼腆、优柔寡断吗?那我们的羞怯感会使我们犹豫不决、行动缓慢，不到万无一失绝不迈步。我们认为自己适应变化很慢且对付新挑战也不够机敏吗?那么我们极可能会处事较被动或者根本放弃尝试。
我们若想改变自己、有所成长，这些不安全感和自我怀疑感既无法避免也很有必要。如果我们不去面对并克服这些内心的恐惧和疑惑，如果我们过多地保护自己，那我们就一定会停止成长。我们会陷进自己营造的壳里面。
Text4 重点句
本篇文章第一段，第二段讨论了如何用两种方式来看待同一种事物，是完全可以借鉴，直接用于写作的段落。可以将其改写如下：红色内容为可替换内容。
There are two basic ways to see SOMETHING: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed SOMETHING as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of SOMETHING is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
Text4 习题答案
答案：ACAD
1.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when______.
1.一个人通常被认为实现了个人成长，当他__________。
[A] he has given up his smoking habit
[A] 戒掉烟
[B] he has made great efforts in his work
[B] 工作上付出了巨大的努力
[C] he is keen on learning anything new
[C] 热衷于学习新东西
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
[D] 试图确定自己在前进的道路上走到哪里了
2.In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would__.
2.作者认为视成长为过程的人将_______________。
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[A] 成功地爬上了社会阶梯
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements
[B] 根据自己的成就判断自己的能力
[C] face difficulties and take up challenges
[C] 面对困难，接受挑战
[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
[D] 确立高目标，并每次都实现自己的目标
3.When the author says “a new way of being”(line 3, Para. 3) he is referring to__.
3.作者提到“a new way of being”(第三段第三行)的意思是_____________。
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world
[A] 体验世界的新方法
[B] a new way of taking risks
[B] 新的冒险方式
[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves
[C] 看待自己的新方法
[D] a new system of adaptation to change
[D] 适应变化的新系统
4.For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except_____.
4.下列哪个选项不是作者对个人成长的倡议?
[A] curiosity about more chances
[A] 对更多的机会持好奇心
[B] promptness in self-adaptation
[B] 自我调节快
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences
[C] 对新的体验持开放性态度
[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
[D] 避免内心的恐惧和怀疑
Unit3成长历程
Text5 正文
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”
A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.
In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.
Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”
This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”
When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.
Text5 习题
1. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.
[A] elementary schools
[B] enthusiastic workers
[C] the attractive premium system
[D] a special way of thinking
2. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.
[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[B] shed light on disciplined school management
[C] was brought about by privileged home training
[D] owed a lot to the technological development
3. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.
[A] they are both winners of awards
[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[C] they both abandon verbal description
[D] they both use various instruments
4. The best title for this passage might be ________.
[A] Inventive Mind
[B] Effective Schooling
[B] Ways of Thinking
[D] Outpouring of Inventions
Text5全文翻译
在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，其原因何在?
在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出如下因素：这个国家优异的小学教育;欢迎新技术的劳动大军;对发明者进行奖励的做法;尤其是美国人在处理技术**物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。
为什么要提小学教育?正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。
目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。正如1853年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”
推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外，做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。
在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。
有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。(长难句④)正如尤金•弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体;这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”
这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。罗伯特•法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”
当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。今天这个词仅表示“模仿”(取其仿效之意)，而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。
Text5 重点句
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.
该句意义：
该句使用了一个多内容的并列结构，其中关系相对等的成分使用了“; ”进行连接。在考研写作中，当各位同学们要从众多的原因中罗列几个，并且着重点出一个时，可以仿照该句用分号表示并列，用短语突出其中之一。
该句语法：
(1)介词短语作状语：Among the many shaping factors
(2)定语从句：that welcomed the new technology
(3)介词短语作后置定语：of giving premiums to inventors
Text5 习题答案
答案
1.According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to .
1.根据作者的观点，促成美国早期发明创造热的主要原因是 。
[A] elementary schools
[A] 初等教育
[B] enthusiastic workers
[B] 充满热情的工人
[C] the attractive premium system
[C] 吸引人的奖励制度
[D] a special way of thinking
[D] 特殊的思维方式
2.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .
2.文中暗示了美国早期技工的适应性和创造性 。
[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[A] 很大程度上得益于数学知识
[B] shed light on disciplined school management
[B] 解释了严格的学校管理
[C] was brought about by privileged home training
[C] 产生于优越的家庭训练
[D] owed a lot to the technological development
[D] 在很大程度上归功于技术的发展
3.A technologist can be compared to an artist because .
3.把技术专家比做艺术家的原因是 。
[A] they are both winners of awards
[A] 他们都是获奖者
[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking
[B] 他们都是空间思维的专家
[C] they both abandon verbal description
[C] 他们都放弃了语言描述
[D] they both use various instruments
[D] 他们都使用多种工具
4.The best title for this passage might be .
4.本文最恰当的标题是 。
[A] Inventive Mind
[A] 发明创造精神
[B] Effective Schooling
[B] 有效的教育
[C] Ways of Thinking
[C] 思维方式
[D] Outpouring of Inventions
[D] 发明热
Unit4 医疗卫生
Text1 正文
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.
With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.
The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”
Text1 习题
1.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
2. The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
3. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[D] which normal cells can’t turn off
4. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ________.
[A] dead
[B] ever-present
[C] inactive
[D] potential
Text1全文翻译
“我有极大的信心相信到这个十年期结束时我们将会详尽地知晓癌细胞的生成原因，”一位癌症专家和微生物学家罗伯特•温伯格说道。“但是，”他告诫说，“有些人认为一旦人们弄清了病因，治疗方法很快就会跟上。例如法国细菌学家巴斯德，他发现了许多传染病的成因，但治疗方法却在五六十年后才问世。”
今年，91万癌症患者中有一半将至少再活5年。国家癌症研究所估计，到2000年存活率将升至75%。现在对于一些皮肤癌来说，5年期的存活率高达90%，但其他类型癌症的存活数据却仍令人沮丧——肺癌13%，胰腺癌2%。
癌症种类现有多达120多种，发现其规律实属不易。研究者在70年代取得了很大的进展。当时他们发现致癌基因，即那些可以引起癌症的基因，在正常细胞中是不活动的。从宇宙射线到辐射到日常饮食，任何东西都有可能激活处于沉寂状态中的致癌基因，但是如何激活不为人所知。如果若干致癌基因被激活，而细胞无力排除，它们就演变成了癌细胞。
导致癌变的确切机制仍然是个谜，但是许多癌症始于基因这一可能性表明我们将永远不能预防所有癌症。“变化是进化过程中的一个正常部分，”肿瘤专家威廉•海沃德说道。环境因素永远无法完全消除，正如海沃德所指出的那样：“我们无法准备出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”
治癌前景虽然遥远，但却越来越明朗了。
“首先，我们需要了解正常细胞如何控制其本身。其次，我们必须查明细胞中是否有一定数量的基因总是造成至少部分麻烦的原因。如果我们能弄清癌症的原理，我们就能采取相应的措施。”
Text1 重点句
The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.
该句意义：
该句虽然简短，但是其将转折语气以插入语的结构进行了表达。在考研写作中，我们可以完全参照写出相应的句子。比如：The prospect for eliminating pollution, though still distant, is brighter. 消除污染的前景尽管遥远，但是已经更加明朗了。
Text1 习题答案
答案:DDBC
1.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__.
1.文章以Pasteur为例的目的是___________。
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade
[A] 预言十年内癌症的秘密将会被彻底揭开
[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright
[B] 说明癌症治愈前景值得乐观
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years
[C] 证明五六十年后癌症将被治愈
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered
[D] 提醒人们彻底战胜癌症的道路还很长
2.The author implies that by the year 2000, __.
2.作者暗示，到2000年______。
[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients
[A] 皮肤癌患者的五年存活率会急剧增长
[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living
[B] 如今90%的皮肤癌患者仍然健在
[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
[C] 各种癌症患者的存活几率基本一致
[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
[D] 不是所有癌症患者的存活率都将急剧上升
3.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__.
3.致癌基因_________。
[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person
[A] 总活动在健康人体中
[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated
[B] 只要不被激活，就保持无害
[C] that can be driven out of normal cells
[C] 能够从健康细胞中被赶走
[D] which normal cells can’ t turn off
[D] 其作用不能被健康细胞阻止
4.The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__.
4.单词dormant在第三段中的大意是___________。
[A] dead
[A] 死亡
[B] ever-present
[B] 无处无时不在的
[C] inactive
[C] 不活跃的
[D] potential
[D] 潜在的，可能的
Unit4 医疗卫生
Text2 正文
Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
Text2 习题
1.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.
[A] impatient
[B] considerate
[C] aggressive
[D] agreeable
2. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[B] some students are bound to fail
[C] failure rates are too high
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
3. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[B] academic achievements
[C] competitive spirit
[D] surer values
4. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics
[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors
[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
Text2全文翻译
人的个性很大程度上取决于遗传—A型父母通常生养出A型子女。但是环境也应该有深远的影响，因为如果竞争对父母来说很重要，那它也可能成为孩子生活中的一个重要因素。
学校是培养A型孩子的场所，从本质来讲，学校是一个高度竞争性的机构。太多的学校遵从“不惜一切代价求胜”的道德标准并以运动成绩来衡量其成功。目前热衷于让孩子与同学竞争或与时间赛跑造成了一种双重体制。在这种体制中，竞争性的A型学生在某些方面似乎比B型的学生要好。对胜利过于执着也会带来危险的后果。请记住，第一位马拉松运动员菲底庇德斯在说完“欢庆吧，我们征服了!”之后几秒钟便倒地丧生。
学校最糟糕的竞争方式是对考试的过分重视。能允许学生专注于所擅长之事的学校实为罕见。通过考试竞争这种做法的好处本身有点值得怀疑，但在明确知晓有人会在考试中失败的前提下仍进行竞争是肯定有害的。
显然，让所有A型儿童都转变为B型既不现实也并不必要。世界需要不同的类型，学校的重要职责就是要努力使儿童的个性适合于他将来的职业。这是最高水平的教育经营。
如果学校少强调一下学业，也许就有更多的时间向孩子传授更重要的价值观念。也许对照料性职业的人员选择，尤其是医务工作，可以少参照他们的化学成绩，而要更多地考虑他们的敏感性和同情心。完全从A型人中挑选医生肯定是错误的。B型人也很重要，应该受到鼓励。
Text2 重点句
Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.
该句意义：
该句直接抨击了学习以成就去估量一个人是否成功(measure the success by sporting achievements)、以成败论英雄的社会必然造就很多“不惜一切代价获取成功”(win at all costs)的人的这一事实，可以引申该内容与社会竞争中的不择手段和毫无道德相联系。在考研写作中，我们可以完全参照写出相应的句子。比如：Too many people adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.
Text2 习题答案
答案:CBBC
1.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually__.
1.根据这篇文章，A型性格的人通常是_________________。
[A] impatient
[A] 缺乏耐心的
[B] considerate
[B] 体贴人的
[C] aggressive
[C] 好斗的、积极进取的
[D] agreeable
[D] 和蔼的、易相处的
2.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because__.
2. 作者强烈反对学校中的考试制度，因为______。
[A] the pressure is too great on the students
[A] 它给学生造成的压力过大
[B] some students are bound to fail
[B] 一些学生肯定通不过
[C] failure rates are too high
[C] 不及格率过高
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
[D] 考试成绩值得怀疑
3.The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__.
3.当前选用医疗护理人员的标准是___________。
[A] candidates’ sensitivity
[A] 申请者的敏感程度
[B] academic achievements
[B] 学业成绩
[C] competitive spirit
[C] 竞争精神
[D] surer values
[D] 更可靠的价值
4.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that__.
4.我们可以从文章中得出的结论是______________。
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[A] 儿童的个性在出生时就已确立
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one' s characteristics .
[B] 家庭的影响对人性格特征的形成起主导作用
[C] the development of one' s personality is due to multiple factors
[C] 人的性格发展取决于多种因素
[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
[D] 在竞争的社会中，B型性格的人不能找到其位置
Unit4 医疗卫生
Text3 正文
It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”
The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I’d go, because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.
Text3 习题
1.From the second paragraph we learn that ________.
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
2. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ________.
[A] observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
3. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will ________.
[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
4. The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of ________.
[A] opposition
[B] suspicion
[C] approval
[D] indifference
Text3全文翻译
凌晨3：45进行了最终表决。经过6个月的争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区(澳北州)成为世界上第一个合法当局，允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命。这一法案以令人折服的15票对10票通过。几乎同时，该消息就出现在互联网上，被身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利组织的执行主席约翰•霍夫塞斯收到。他便通过协会的在线服务“死亡之网”发了公告。他说：“我们一整天都在发布公告，因为这不仅仅是发生在澳大利亚的事情，而是整个世界历史中的一件大事。”
要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。澳北州晚期病人权利法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都力图从道义和实际意义两方面来考虑这一问题。一些人如释重负，而另一些人，包括教会、生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会在内都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈的抨击。但这一潮流已无法逆转。在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化都发挥着各自的作用，其他国家也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量，观察家们正在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下。
根据澳北州所通过的这项新法案，成年病人可以要求安乐死—可能是通过注射致死药剂或服用致死药片—来结束痛苦。不过，此前病人必须由两名医生诊断其确实已无法治愈。在经过7天的冷静思考期后，病人方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，才可以满足其安乐死的愿望。对于居住于达尔文市现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德•尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中痛苦地死去。“从精神层面说，我并不害怕死，但我怕的是怎样死，因为我在医院看到过病人在缺氧时苦苦挣扎，用手抓他们的面罩时的情景，”他说。
Text3 重点句
The full import may take a while to sink in.
该句意义：
该句非常简短，但是却说明了“安乐死”的法律的影响的将来性，即需要一定时间才能理解。所以此句可以加在写作的最后，即我们的建议的意义需要将来才能证明。
可以改写成：The full import of these suggestion may take a while to sink in.
Text3 习题答案
答案:DBAC
1.From the second paragraph we learn that .
1.从第二段我们可以知道 。
[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
[A] 在其他国家，对安乐死的反对缓慢而至
[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
[B] 在安乐死这一问题上，医生和普通市民观点相同
[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
[C] 技术的变化应该对该法案仓促地获批准负主要责任
[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage
[D] 理解该法案获批准的意义尚需一段时间
2.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means .
2.作者提到“观察家们在等待多米诺骨牌开始倒下”，他的含义是 。
[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
[A] 观察者对安乐死的未来持观望态度
[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
[B] 美国、加拿大和其他国家也可能批准类似法律
[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
[C] 观察者正在等待多米诺游戏的结果
[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
[D] 被批准法案的影响过程也许会最终停止
3.When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will .
3.当利奥德•尼克森死的时候，他会 。
[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia
[A] 以安乐死的冷静心态面对死亡
[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient
[B] 经历肺癌病人遭受的痛苦
[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering
[C] 对痛苦的折磨极其恐惧
[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days
[D] 经历7天的冷却阶段
4.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of .
4.作者对待安乐死的态度是 。
[A] opposition
[A] 反对
[B] suspicion
[B] 怀疑
[C] approval
[C] 赞同
[D] indifference
[D] 漠不关心
Unit4 医疗卫生
Text4 正文
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.
Text4 习题
1.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that ________.
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
2. The word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ________.
[A] widespread
[B] overwhelming
[C] piercing
[D] fashionable
3. Physical dependence on certain substances results from ________.
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ________.
[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
Text4全文翻译
从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。很多人错误地认为“药物”一词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这就是为什么现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用“物质”这个更加中性的词。他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表示滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质可能如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
我们生活在一个物质(药物)在医疗和社交方面使用广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢?首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的知觉错乱。反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，然后是一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。
影响中枢神经系统，改变知觉、情绪和行为的药物(物质)被称为精神活性物质，它们通常按照功能被分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的知觉，通过多种方式扭曲或改变知觉，其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能“引起幻觉”(psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为“心灵显现”)，因为它们似乎能彻底改变人的意识状态
Text4 重点句
We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
该句意义：
该句首先提出观点，并运用分号“： ”，表明了后续内容与其的总分关系。在后续内容中，是对于此观点的具体说明，该句中语法不为复杂，但是其可以为我们在写作中所仿写。如，针对2013年考研写作真题“选择”，可改写出句子如下：
We live in a society in which the the choices of the future are too many for the college students to choose：finding a job , getting a master degree , or going abroad.
Text4 习题答案
答案:DAAB
1.“Substance abuse” (line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that .
1.“物质滥用”(第一段第五行)比“药物滥用”更为可取的原因是 。
[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
[A] 如果非法使用，物质会改变我们的生理或心理机能
[B] “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drugtakers
[B] “药物滥用”仅与少数吸毒者有关
[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
[C] 烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命
[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
[D] 除海洛因和可卡因外，许多其他物质也可能有害
2.The word “pervasive” (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean
2.“pervasive”一词(第二段第一行)的意思可能是 。
[A] widespread
[A] 分布广泛的，普遍的
[B] overwhelming
[B] 压倒一切的、占主流的
[C] piercing
[C] 尖的、穿透的
[D] fashionable
[D] 时髦的、流行的
3.Physical dependence on certain substances results from .
3.人们对某些物质产生依赖性的原因是 。
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time
[A] 长时间无节制地嗜用它们
[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes
[B] 仅将它们用于社交目的
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases
[C] 定量地将它们用于治病
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms
[D] 由于不良症状而粗心地使用它们
4.From the last paragraph we can infer that .
4.从文章最后第一段我们可以推断 。
[A] stimulants function positively on the mind
[A] 兴奋剂对心智有积极影响
[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
[B] 幻觉剂本身就危害健康
[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
[C] 抑制剂是精神活性物质中最坏的一种
[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
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