2014考研英语阅读精析九
Unit6 社会文化Text3 正文
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.
Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.
Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.
My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.
Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”
Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.
The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.
I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.
We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.
Text3 习题
1. What the wise man said suggests that ________.
[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil
[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it
[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil
[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil
2. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.
[A] society is to be held responsible
[B] modern civilization is responsible for it
[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame
[D] the standards of living should be improved
3. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.
[A] less self-discipline
[B] better sense of discipline
[C] more mutual respect
[D] less effective government
4. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.
[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals
[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards
[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty
[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities
5. The key point of the passage is that ________.
[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families
[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow
[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior
[D] more people should accept the value of accountability
Text3 全文翻译
一位智者曾说过，邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为。所以，所为一名警察，我有一些话急需告诉善良的人们。
日复一日，我和我的同事尽力控制犯罪的蔓延。我们曾经引以为荣的美国生活方式出现了可怕的问题。这个问题处在我们的价值观方面。一个关键的成分正在消失，我想，我知道它是什么——责任感。
责任感不难定义。它指的是人人要对其行为负责，并承担其行为造成的后果。
责任感可能是形成文明的众多观价值观 (善良，仁慈等)中最重要的一个。没有它，就没有尊重、信任、法律——最终也就没有社会的存在。
作为一名警察，我的工作就是把责任感强行加到那些拒绝承担、或自己没有学会承担责任的人身上。但正如每一位警察都知道的，对人行为的外部控制远不如自我约束(如罪恶感，羞耻心和难为情)有效。
幸运的是，在一些区域——通常是小城镇里，学校还维护纪律，父母还坚持原则，称“有些事情在我们家是不能容忍的——你们绝不能去那样做!”
但在越来越多的地方，尤其是大城市和郊区，这些自我约束力日渐松懈。抢劫犯不再是你认为的抢劫犯。他认为你的财产就是他的财产;他拿走他想要的一切，当你触怒他时，他甚至会拿走你的生命。
人们态度的根本变化造成了局面的完全崩溃。30年前，若有罪行发生，人们认为受害者是社会。现在，人们的态度发生了惊人的变化：最犯被认为是受害者——童年饱受贫困折磨，学校没有教他读书，教堂没有给他以道德上的引导，父母没有给他提供一个安定的家。
我不相信这些。同样不利的环境中长大的另外一些人为什么没有选择去犯罪?不让罪犯承担责任，甚至降低他们应承的责任，都会让我们的社会变成一个满是借口的社会，没有人愿意为任何事情承担责任。
美国急待更多的人相信：应该为犯罪行为负责的人是罪犯自己。
Text3 重点句
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
该句意义：
该句首先引用名言，借用权威之口，引出了话题，并且结合作者的身份引出了下文内容。我们也可以根据此句，结合考研写作的题目改写为：
A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a student, I have some urgent things to say to good people.
Text3 习题答案
答案:BCAAD
1. What the wise man said suggests that_____.
1. 智者的话表明_________。
[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil
[A] 面对邪恶，好人什么都不必做
[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it
[B] 若好人无动于衷，邪恶就会猖獗
[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil
[C] 善自然会战胜恶
[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil
[D] 好人应该远离邪恶
2. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,_____________.
2. 作者认为，若有人被发现有罪，则__________.
[A] society is to be held responsible
[A] 社会应该对此负责
[B] modern civilization is responsible for it
[B] 现代文明应该对此负责
[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame
[C] 罪犯本人应该为此负责
[D] the standards of living should be improved
[D] 生活水平应该提高
3. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬________.
3. 和小城镇相比，大城市的人________。
[A] less self-discipline
[A] 缺少自我约束
[B] better sense of discipline
[B] 有更好的自律精神
[C] more mutual respect
[C] 更互相尊重
[D] less effective government
[D] 缺少一个有效的ZF
4. The writer is sorry to have noticed that_______.
4.作者感到遗憾是因为看到_____________。
[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals
[A]大城市的人常常为罪犯找借口
[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards
[B]小城镇的人坚守老的纪律和标准
[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty
[C]现代社会缺少对于困境中的人的同情
[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities
[D]环境不好的人会进行犯罪活动
5. The key point of the passage is that______.
5. 文章主要说明_____________。
[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families
[A] 学校和家庭中应该保持更严格的纪律
[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow
[B] 应该为人们树立更多学习榜样
[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior
[C] 对人们的行为应该加以更多控制
[D] more people should accept the value of accountability
[D] 更多人应该接受“责任感”这一价值观
Unit6 社会文化
Text4 正文
It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a ‘Be Kind to Other Drivers’ campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.
Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.
However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.
A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of boatmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.
Text4 习题
1. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by ________.
[A] people’s attitude towards the road-hog
[B] the rhythm of modern life
[C] the behavior of the driver
[D] traffic conditions
2. The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog... the rule.” (Para. 1) implies that ________.
[A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists
[B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally
[C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog
[D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists
3. By “good sense,” the writer means ________.
[A] the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably
[B] the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions
[C] the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior
[D] the driver’s acknowledgement of politeness and regulations
4. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, ________.
[A] road users should make more sacrifice
[B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other
[C] drivers should have more communication among themselves
[D] drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others
5. In the writer’s opinion, ________.
[A] strict traffic regulations are badly needed
[B] drivers should apply road politeness properly
[C] rude drivers should be punished
[D] drivers should avoid traffic jams
Text4 全文翻译
我们可以谴责交通阻塞、汽油价格、以及现代生活的快节奏，但马路礼貌确实越来越糟糕。所有的人都知道：即便脾气最好的人在车里也会变成怪兽。老虎在油箱里还好说，可老虎若坐在驾驶员的位置上就完全是另一回事了。你也许能够容忍在马路上横冲直闯的司机、粗鲁且不体谅人的司机，但现今文明驾驶的司机却实属罕见。(可能这需要发起一场“对其他司机友善”的运动，否则，情形会完全失控)。
马路文明不仅是一种礼貌行为，还是一种良好的意识。司机需要非常冷静的头脑和好脾气才能在碰到不文明行为时克制住自己不进行报复。另一方面，些许文明行为十分有助于缓解驾车时的紧张情绪。一个友好的颔首、感谢对方礼貌行为的一个轻轻的挥手有助于形成友好宽容的氛围，而这在当前的交通条件下是非常必要的。但现在，这种对礼貌表示认可的行为非常罕见。现今很多司机即使见到礼貌行为也似乎视若惘然。
但是，误用礼貌同样危险。典型的事例为：司机为了让过从边路上突然出现的车而采取急刹车，却对后面的交通造成了危险。(而若不出现这种情况)，本来只需几秒钟的等待，道路就会畅通无阻;或者，有人会为一个穿过斑马线的孩子让路，示意其进入行车道，但随后驶来的车辆却无法及时停车。同样，鼓励老太太随时随地横穿马路的行为也是如此。我经常感到奇怪：高速公路上居然没有屡屡出现这些老太太被撞死的交通事故。
一位行为无可挑剔的老司机曾告诉我：在不引起交通阻塞，从而惹怒其他司机的前提下，司机们学会逐个插入车流有助于缓解交通。但现代的驾驶员甚至不会学如何驾车，更别说掌握公路驾车技能的微妙之处了。多年前专家就曾警告我们：汽车拥有量的突增要求所有马路使用者的互谅互让。现在是我们该把这项警告铭记于心的时候了。
Text4 重点句
Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time.
该句意义：
该句是考研中较为经典的复杂句式，对于其的理解将有助于未来的考研复习，并最终提升成。
该句语法：
第一个主谓宾结构：主句
主语：examples
谓语：are
宾语：the driver or the man
之所认为宾语为两个名词的并列，主要是主语的例子的复数应该对应有着复数对象。
主语前置定语：Typical
第一宾语the driver后置定语(定语从句)：who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic,
谓语状语：, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;
注意该句中when前添加了“，”以表示其为修饰主句谓语的状语，而不是就近修饰定语从句或是定语从句中的非谓语动词的状语。
第二个主谓宾结构：主句第一宾语the driver定语从句
主语：who =the driver
谓语：brakes
宾语：to allow
宾语非谓语动词to allow 的逻辑宾语(1)：a car
宾语非谓语动词to allow 的逻辑宾语(2)：to emerge
宾语非谓语动词to allow 的逻辑宾语非谓语动词 to emerge 的逻辑宾语(1)： from a side street
宾语非谓语动词to allow 的逻辑宾语非谓语动词 to emerge 的逻辑宾语(2)： to following
宾语非谓语动词to allow 的逻辑宾语非谓语动词 to emerge 的逻辑宾语(1)的后置定语：at some hazard
宾语非谓语动词to allow 的逻辑宾语非谓语动词 to emerge 的逻辑宾语(2)的逻辑宾语： traffic
第三个主谓宾结构：主句状语从句
主语：the road
谓语：would be
宾语：clear
谓语时间状语：a few seconds later
谓语让步状语：anyway
第四个主谓宾结构：主句第二宾语the man定语从句
主语：who =the man
谓语：waves
第一宾语：a child
第二宾语：across a zebra
第二宾语后定语：
crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles
第二宾语后定语中vehicles的后置定语：定语从句：
that may be unable to stop in time.
第四个主谓宾结构：主句第二宾语定语从句中定语从句：
主语：that=vehicles
谓语(系动词)：may be
宾语(表语)： unable to stop
表语中非谓语动词状语：in time
Text4 习题答案
答案:CDABB
1. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by________.
1. 根据本文内容，道路问题的主要原因在于_______。
[A] people’s attitude towards the road-hog
[A] 人们对于鲁莽驾驶员的态度
[B] the rhythm of modern life
[B] 现代生活的节奏
[C] the behavior of the driver
[C] 司机的行为
[D] traffic conditions
[D] 交通条件
2.The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog...the rule.”(Para.1) implies that___.
2. 第一段的句子You might tolerate the odd road-hog… the rule说明________。
[A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists
[A] 我们的社会对待有礼貌的驾车人有失公平。
[B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally
[B] 粗鲁的司机很少碰到
[C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog
[C] 礼貌的驾车人不能容忍野蛮司机。
[D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists
[D] 现在不礼貌的司机占大多数。
3. By “good sense”, the writer means_____.
3. 作者用“good sense”指________。
[A] the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonably
[A] 司机理解(他人的行为)并做出合理反应的能力
[B] the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditions
[B] 司机对于困难且严峻的条件做出的迅速反应
[C] the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior
[C] 司机对于粗鲁甚至野蛮的行为的容忍
[D] the driver’s acknowledgment of politeness and regulations
[D] 司机对于礼貌和规则的认可
4. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, __________.
4. 专家早就指出：面对汽车拥有者的突增，_____________。
[A] road users should make more sacrifice
[A] 马路使用者应该做出更多的牺牲
[B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other
[B] 司机应该准备彼此让步
[C]drivers should have more communication among themselves
[C] 司机之间应该有更多的交流
[D]drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others
[D] 司机之间若不互相尊重，他们会遭受巨大损失
5. In the writer’s opinion, ___________.
5. 作者认为________________。
[A]strict traffic regulations are badly needed
[A] 急需严格的交通规则
[B]drivers should apply road politeness properly
[B] 司机应该有适当的马路礼貌
[C] rude drivers should be punished
[C] 野蛮的司机应该受到惩罚
[D] drivers should avoid traffic jams
[D] 司机应该避免交通阻塞
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