2013考研英语试题及解析

　　2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

　　英语一试题详解

　　Section Ⅰ Use of English

　　Directions: Read the following text. Choosethe best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

　　People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.

　　To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .

　　He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

　　Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .

　　1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers

　　2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external

　　3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment

　　4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all

　　5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless

　　6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for

　　7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless

　　8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test

　　9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success

　　10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified

　　11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise

　　12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured

　　13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged

　　14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took

　　15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather

　　16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced

　　17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below

　　18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate

　　19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard

　　20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful

　　答案：

　　1-5: ADCAB

　　6-10: BADDA

　　11-15: DCBDB

　　16-20: CACBC

　　答案详解：

　　2013年的完型填空是一篇选自《经济学人》名为A Question of Judgment的文章。讲述的是有关判断的问题。这类文章出现在今年的考研真题中，符合考研英语历年的出题形式。但是考生在没有掌握单词基本知识和解题技巧的情况下也会感到很困难。

　　相较于2012年的完型来说，今年的考题适中。考查的词汇部分涉及到名词、动词、形容词和介词。其中，动词考查的频率最高，占完型部分考题的35%。第4、7、15和17题考察了逻辑连接题，占完型题目的20%。考生要在掌握上下文结构的基础上准确完成这类考题。其次，在文章考查点里有两处涉及到了后置定语的语法知识，即第5和第10题。一处是形容词加介词构成后置定语，一处是过去分词作后置定语，而这两点在跨考一阶的讲义中，各位语法老师已经跟考生们专门讲解过。后期陆陆续续的阅读和写作课里，也是反复提到的语法点。

　　遵循以往完型填空的结构形式，今年的考题仍然秉承了总分的结构。第一段引出话题并介绍Dr. Simonsohn 的观点。第二、三、四段具体介绍了Dr. Simonsohn为证明理论采取的实验以及最后的发现。而且在文章第一句话就给出了整篇文章的中心主线—People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.

　　总之2013年的考题在日常强调的“单词加技巧等于高分”的解题方式下，定会被迎刃而解。

　　1. [标准答案] [A]

　　[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

　　[选项分析] 本题考查动词。根据上下文意思，首先可以排除[B]和[D]。这句话中 that 引导一个定语从句，主要是说这一优势赋予了一种特定的能力。[C]中transmit 为传播，不符合上下文意思。

　　2. [标准答案] [D]

　　[考点分析] 上下文语义

　　[选项分析] which are unbiased 这个定语从句做插入语修饰 judgment。这句话的意思是“通过XXX因素作出公正判决的能力”，由此可以排除[A] 和 [B]。做这一题时，我们需要理解第一句话，给我们提供了一个大的背景和条件。第一句话说“人们不擅长利用背景信息作决定”，所以可以推出这儿并不是“通过关键信息”来做出公正的判决，而是通过其它一些信息，如外部的信息，作出判决。根据上下文意思，可以推出 [D] 为正确答案。

　　3. [标准答案] [C]

　　[考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配

　　[选项分析] big picture 是一个固定搭配，指(事情的)主要部分;重点，故选[A]。其它词语与big 搭配，均没有这层意思。

　　4. [标准答案] [A]

　　[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题

　　[选项分析] 根据上下文的逻辑关系判断，在提出一个观点之后，接下来就是进行例证。选项中只有[A] 表示“例如”，符合这一逻辑关系，故选[A]。[B]表示“平均”的意思;[C]为“大体上，原则上”;[D] 为“首先”，均不符合。

　　5. [标准答案] [B]

　　[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析

　　[选项分析] 这四个选项均可以与介词 of 搭配，[A] 表示“喜欢”， [B] 表示“害怕，恐怕”， [C] 表示“能够，具有…能力”， [D] 表示“轻率的，考虑不周的”。of 后面的短语作 judge 的定语，这句话意思是“XXX地显得对犯罪太过软弱的法官可能更倾向于给被告作出判刑的判决”。根据上下文的意思，可以排除 [A] 和 [D]。而“显得对犯罪太过软弱”显然不是某种能力，故可以排除[C] 选项。根据上下文意思，害怕显得过于软弱的法官，才会更倾向于作出较严厉的判决。故选[B]。

　　6. [标准答案] [B]

　　[考点分析] 介词搭配

　　[选项分析] soft on sb/sth 是一个固定搭配词组，表示“对某人/某事态度偏软，不够严厉”的意思，故选[B]。

　　7.标准答案A

　　考点分析逻辑衔接题

　　选项分析前半句含义是“一个担心自己会犯罪行为上表现的过分软弱的法官可能会判人入狱”，后半句含义是“当天他已经判五到六个人缓刑”两句间的逻辑关系明显为假设。A if 表示假设“如果”。B until “直到。。。才。。。”。C though “然而”，表转折。D unless “除非”，表让步。前半句是结果主句，后半句是一个假设条件，所以选C

　　8.标准答案 D。考点分析上下文语义及动词辨析

　　选项分析本句话是说要进行试验来验证观点。空格后的名词idea作宾语，对决定动词十分关键。

　　动词意思应为“测试”。A promote “促进”。B emphasize “强调”。C share “分享”。D test “测试”。只有D 选项和“观点”搭配，符合语境。

　　9.标准答案 D。考点分析上下文语义及名词辨析

　　选项分析本句话含义是讲其中一个申请者与其他申请在面试中的关系。申请者希望成功。A decisioin “选择”。B quality “质量”。C status “身份”。D success “成功”。只有D 项搭配，符合语境。

　　10.标准答案 A。考点分析后置定语

　　选项分析本句意为测试中随机选出的其他申请者。A chosen “选出”。B stupid “笨的”。C found “发现”。D identified “识别”。只有A 选项和申请者搭配意为选出来的申请者，符合语境。

　　11.标准答案 D。考点分析逻辑衔接题

　　选项分析后半句开头的but已经暗示了下文的连接词。内容上前半句意为一个申请者的面试成功和其他申请者没有关系，后半句意为西蒙森怀疑事实。明显是转折关系。A exceptional “例外的”。B defensible “可防御的”。C replaceable “可替换的”。D otherwise “相反的”。只有D项可以表转折关系，所以选D。

　　12. 标准答案 C。考点分析后置定语

　　选项分析本句前半句是说西蒙森研究了面试者的结果，后半句含义是招生办官员。所以这里应该是招生办官员举行面试，后半句做后置定语。A inspire “鼓舞”。B expressed “表达”。C conducted “举行”。D secured “保护”。所以结合上下文可以得出只有C项符合语境。

　　13.标准答案B

　　考点分析上下文语义及动词词义辨析

　　选项分析文中句子含义为，“面试官有13个申请者一到五级打分”A .assign 分配;指派; 将财产过户(尤指过户给债权人)B .rate 认为;估价，C.match 使比赛D .arrange 安排，根据上下文含义，应选B.

　　14.[标准答案] [D]

　　[考点分析] 固定搭配。题干This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. 空格处需要动词一个。因为后面有into consideration. 所以选took. Take into consideration 是把什么考虑在内的意思。

　　15.B。本题考查逻辑关系，通过上下文应该选择一个表顺承先后顺序的词，只有B项then合适。

　　16. [标准答案] [C]

　　[考点分析] 上下文语义和逻辑关系

　　[选项分析] 这句话 which 引导一个定语从句，修饰 exam，考试都有一个总分，这句话的意思是说“以800分计算的标准测试”，可以排除[A]、[B]和 [D]选项。mark 表示“得分”，符合原文意思，故选[C]。

　　17. [标准答案] [A]

　　[考点分析] 上下文语义和逻辑关系

　　[选项分析] 根据词语的意思和搭配，可以排除 [C] 和 [D] 选项。这题的选择必须与后面一题联系起来进行选择，这句话说“前面候选者的分数比XXX的候选者高0.75分”，则“下一个候选者则XXX”，由此可知，“前面的候选者”肯定不能是比他后面的人分数高，排除[B]。[A] 选项符合上下文逻辑关系，故选[A]。

　　18.B. 根据上下文意思，是一种up和down 的趋势，17空前面是up趋势，所以18谓语动词应该选“下降”的趋势的动词，A,B,C,D之中明显的表下降的是B项， drop相对于前面的high。

　　19.B。根据上下文应该选一个“消除”影响的含义的动词，答案当中B项和A,C相反，B是“消除”即“不会产生”，符合上下文。

　　20.C。本题需要找个形容词修饰points, A 项promising “有前途的，有希望的”;意思不合适，很明显B,C,D当中C项necessary符合上下文。

　　Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

　　This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

　　The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.

　　Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

　　Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.

　　Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.

　　21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her

　　[A] poor bargaining skill.

　　[B] insensitivity to fashion.

　　[C] obsession with high fashion.

　　[D]lack of imagination.

　　22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to

　　[A] combat unnecessary waste.

　　[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.

　　[C] resist the influence of advertisements.

　　[D] shop for their garments more frequently.

　　23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to

　　[A] accusation.

　　[B] enthusiasm.

　　[C] indifference.

　　[D] tolerance.

　　24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

　　[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

　　[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

　　[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

　　[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

　　25. What is the subject of the text?

　　[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

　　[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

　　[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

　　[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.

　　答案： BDCCD

　　Text 2

　　An old saw has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.

　　In the past couple of weeks three deals and a quarrel have illustrated the value to advertisers (and their suppliers of software) of such fine-grained information. Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

　　In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

　　On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, a new incarnation of the software firm's operating system, would have DNT as a default.

　　Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They'll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

　　It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies (including Twitter) have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

　　Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to rile Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?

　　26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:

　　[A] ease competition among themselves

　　[B] lower their operational costs

　　[C] avoid complaints from consumers

　　[D]provide better online services

　　27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:

　　[A] online advertisers

　　[B] e-commerce conductors

　　[C] digital information analysis

　　[D]internet browser developers

　　28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default

　　[A] many cut the number of junk ads