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The meanings of “science”and“technology”have changedsignificantly from one generation to another. More similarities thandifferences, however, can be found between the terms, (46)Both scienceand technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causalrelationships in the material world, and both employ an experimentalmethodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified byrepetition. (47)Science, at least in theory, is less concerned withthe practicality of its results and more concerned with the development ofgeneral laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involvedwith each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed inthe historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engineers,physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists.Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, andtypes of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals,contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the activities ofscientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of “pure”science havemade many practical as well as theoretical contributions.
(48) Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas fortechnological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for anysignificant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Mostof the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to thelaboratory. Fundamental tools and processes inthe fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics weredeveloped before the laws governing their functions were discovered. The steamengine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamicselucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.
In recent years a sharp value distinction has their bitteropponents, but today many people have come to fear technology much more thanscience. (49) For these people , science may be perceived as a serene,objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas thepractical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them tobe out of control.
(50) Many historians of science argue not only that technology is anessential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rateof technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries.Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, withoutrespect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems,frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can beconceived as both a creative and a destructive process.
答案
46.科学与技术都包含有一种思维的过程，两者都涉及到物质世界的因果关系，两者都运用了一套实验的方法论，这种方法论所产生的是能够通过重复得以验证的经验性的实证结果。
47.至少在理论上，科学较少地关心其研究成果的实用性，而更多地关注于归纳出普遍的法则;但是在实践中，科学与技术却相互关联，无法割裂。
48.人们认为科学为技术创新提供理念，因此，对于工业文明中的任何一次意义重大的进步，纯理论的研究是必不可少的，当然，这种观念其实是个神话。
49.对于这些人来说，科学或许被看成是一种平静的、客观的理解自然永恒法则的出发点，而如今在他们看来，现代世界里技术的实际运用似乎已失去控制。
50.许多科学史家认为，技术不仅是先进的工业文明必不可少的条件，而且在最近的几个世纪里，技术变革的速度已形成了自身的势头。
总体分析
本文介绍了科学和技术之间的关系以及对人类的影响。
第一段：科学和技术之间的相似性要大于差异性，它们之间的相互影响反映在各个行业的发展中。
第二段：技术的发展不依赖科学的发展，两者之间的价值分歧越来越尖锐。而且，现在很多人对技术的恐惧甚于对科学的担心。
第三段：技术的发展既有创造性也有毁灭性。
试题精解
46.[精解] 本题考核的知识点是：嵌套式定语从句、抽象名词。
本句是由and连接的三个并列句，都以both开头。第三个分句的主干是：both employ an experimental methodology，宾语methodology后接有一个that引导的定语从句做定语，该定语从句中又嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句(demonstrations)can be verified by repetition。由于有嵌套式定语从句，因此需要采用拆译法，从第一个that开始单独成句。
词汇方面：imply意为“暗示，意味;必然包含”;be concerned with意为“与……有关，涉及;关注，感兴趣”;empirical意为“以实验(或经验)为根据的，经验主义的”;demonstration意为“证明，论证，说明，证实”，由于它是抽象名词，可按照汉语习惯，采用加译法，译成“论证的结果”。verify意为“检验，查证，核实”。
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