英语常用基本句式和句型结构
【要点归纳】
▲英语句式绝大多数以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为核心架构。英语是SV型语言。即以S+V(主语+谓语)结构为主干，以谓语动词为核心。
▲一般来说，一个英语句子若没有谓语动词(实义动词或系动词)，这个句子一定是错误的。
▲英语句子的谓语只能由动词来充当，动词在英语句子中如果不充当谓语就必须用非谓语形式(动名词、不定式或分词)。但汉语句子的谓语既可以是动词，也可以是形容词、名词等。
如：The prices are stable and the market is flourishing.
To study English is not easy.
Study English not easy. (×)
▲汉语句法的显著特点是“动词连用”，动词不需要形态变化，便可以按时间和动作发生先后顺序和情节发展连续使用几个动词。一个英语句子，除并列谓语的情形外，只能出现一个谓语，否则须用其他手段处理：
★ 变为非谓语形式
★ 连词连接 ﹛并列连词(并列谓语;并列句)
★ 从属连词→引出从句
★ 用名词或介词来表示
▲汉语“动词连用”有两类，一类是由一个主语发出的连续几个动作，叫连动式;一类是由谓语的两个动作，前一个动词的宾语是后一个动词的主语，即两个动词不是由一个主语发出的，称作兼语式。请看：
一)连动式
英语中没有汉语这种连动式，表达先后关系的几个动词，可用and连接或用分词结构。如：
我打开门走进来。
I opened the door and came in. (Opening the door, I came in.)
二)兼语式
如：“他请我到他家来做客。”“我”是“请”的宾语，又是“到他家来做客”的主语。也就是说“我” 身兼两职。英语句式表达汉语兼语式有以下几种方式：
1) 将兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语，常用不定式，有时用不带to的不定式，或分词，副词，形容词，名词，介词结构等。对于第一个动词，汉语中常用的动词有“使”、“叫”、“请求”、“让”、“迫使”、“导致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促进”、“鼓励”等，在英语中均有对应的动词(make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等)。如：
He invited me to dinner in his house.
▲在SV总句式基础上，根据谓语动词的类型不同，可总结出下五大句型：[S1]
⑴ 主语+系动词+表语 She seems kind.
a. The soup is delicious. (形容词作表语)
b. Helen became an electrical engineer. (名词作表语)
c. He is in good health. (介词短语作表语)
d. The story is interesting. (现在分词作表语)
e. His wish is to become a doctor. (动词不定式作表语)
⑵ 主语+不及物动词 He changed a lot.
a. The moon shines brightly. (一般现在时)
b. The car won’t go. (一般将来时)
c. The child behaved badly at the party. (主语+不及物动词+程度状语+地点状语)
d. Production declined 6% last month. (一般过去式)
e. They will fly to London. (主语+不及物动词+地点状语)
⑶ 主语+及物动词+宾语 We love our country.
a. We visited our friends. (名词作宾语)
b. I am considering going abroad. (动名词作宾语)
c. He can not afford to take a taxi. (动词不定式作宾语)
d. He caught her by the arm. (动词+宾语+介词短语作方式状语)
⑷ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
或 主语+及物动词+直接宾语(物)+to +间接宾语(人)
+for+间接宾语(人)
He gave me a present. (He gave a present to me.)
a. He often tells the children interesting stories.
b. He assigned Jack the toughest job.
c. I paid the repairman 50 dollars.
d. He sent some flowers to his girlfriend.
e. My mother made a new dress for my sister.
f. I'll tell you what I've been thinking. (宾语从句)
g. I assure you that this medicine will help you. (宾语从句)
h. You've got to promise me that you won't do that again.(主及宾结构+不定连接+主及宾宾)
⑸ [/url]主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 I found the book interesting.[S2]
a. His writing has made him a well-known public figure. (名词作宾补)
b. They found the book easy. (形容词作宾补)
c. I can see two ships in the harbor. (介词短语作宾补)
d. He kept me waiting too long. (现在分词作宾补)
e. I have my hair cut every month. (过去分词作宾补)
f. They wanted him to study abroad. (动词不定式作宾补)
g. Will you tell me how to do it?
h. We advised her which course to take.
[S1]
五种基本句型歌 英语句子万万千，
五大句型把线牵。 句型种类为动词，
后接什么是关键; 系词后面接表语;
vi独身无牵连; vt又可分三类，
单宾双宾最常见， 还有宾语补足语;
[S2]
1. Jim finds his job a challenge.[宾补为n.]
2. I found the movie interesting.[宾补为adj.]
3. Why did you leave the light on?[宾补为adv.]
4. We found her in tears.[宾补为介词短语]
5. They encouraged her to try again.[宾补为不定式]
6. My mother told me not to worry.[宾补为不定式]
7. We heard someone knocking on the door.[宾补为V-ing]
8. Do you smell something burning?[宾补为V-ing]
9. I had my computer fixed last week.[宾补为V-ed]
10. You should make yourself understood.[宾补为V-ed]
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