銆屽闀峰弮鑸囥€?parent involvement)鐣跺墠鍦ㄧ编鍦嬩笉璜栨槸镵偊銆佸悇宸炴垨瀛稿崁銆佸镙￠兘鏄暀镶叉柦鏀块吨瑕佷竴鐠帮纴闆栫劧1965骞寸殑銆婂垵绛夊强涓瓑鏁栾偛娉曟銆?Elementary and Secondary Education Act)涓甫链彁鍒般€屽闀峰弮鑸囥€岖殑瀛楃溂锛屼絾寰炵暥鏅傜殑鏀跨瓥璜栬警闁嫔锛屻€屽闀峰弮鑸囥€崭究宸茶瑕栫偤瀵︾従绀炬渻姝ｇ京銆佹暀镶插叕骞崇殑閲嶈阃斿緫銆?/P>
镙规摎Moles & Fege(2012)鍒嗘瀽锛岀编鍦嫔闀峰弮鑸囨敛绛栨紨璁婃缍扑竷娆°€婂垵绛夊强涓瓑鏁栾偛娉曟銆?ESEA)淇阆庣▼锛屽叾杞夋姌鍙垎镣轰笁鍊嬫檪链?
涓€銆?965镊?980骞达纴灏ゅ叾鏄?0骞翠唬锛屾槸銆屽闀蜂綔镣鸿瑭㈣€呫€?parents as advisors)鏅傛湡:鍦?965骞淬€婂垵绛夊强涓瓑鏁栾偛娉曟銆嬭◣璜栭亷绋嬩腑锛屽弮璀伴櫌鏁栾偛濮斿摗链幂殑Robert Kennedy鍙冭鍝′究鎻愬嚭镵偊链夎铂浠荤⒑淇濆湴鏂规彁渚涘闀峰弮鑸囨链冧互寮峰寲瀛告牎绺炬晥璨换锛屽挨鍏舵槸涓嶅埄铏曞瀛告牎(TITLE I)瀛哥敓涔嫔闀凤绂1974骞淬€婂垵绛夊强涓瓑鏁栾偛娉曚慨姝ｆ銆嬩腑渚垮鍒楄姹傚悇瀛稿崁钖戣伅闾︽彁浜ょ敌璜嫔墠镍夋垚绔嬨€屽闀疯瑭㈠鍝℃渻銆?parent advisory councils, PACs)涔嬭瀹氾绂1978骞翠慨姝ｆ镟磋瀹歍ITLE锛╁镙＄殑瑷埚妰瑷傚畾鑸囧煼琛屾噳链夊闀峰弮鑸囥€?/P>
浜屻€?980镊?988骞寸偤銆岃В闄ょ鍒跺强鍊掗€€銆?deregulation and push back)鏅傛湡:鐢辨柤闆锋牴鏀垮簻鎺¤В闄ょ鍒舵敛绛栵纴瀹堕暦璜濮斿摗链?PACs)鍙婂闀峰弮鑸囩▼搴︽敼鐢卞湴鏂规焙瀹氾纴銆婂垵绛夊强涓瓑鏁栾偛娉曘€嬬敱1981骞淬€屾暀镶叉暣钖堣垏鏀归€叉硶妗堛€嶏纸Education Consolidation and Improvement ACT锛孍CIA锛夊彇浠ｏ纴TITLE锛╁镙¤畩鎴怌hapter I瀛告牎锛屽闀峰弮鑸囧彧淇濈暀闇€鍙枊Chapter I瀛告牎瀹堕暦骞村害链冭镄勮瀹氾纴瑷卞瀛稿崁锲犺€屽彇娑埚闀疯瑭㈠鍝℃渻銆?/P>
涓夈€?988骞磋縿浠婄偤銆屽闀锋仮寰╁弮鑸囧强灏嬫眰骞宠 銆嶆檪链?reemerge and search for balance):1988骞淬€岄湇閲戞柉-鍙蹭腹绂忓痉鍒濈瓑鍙娄腑绛夊镙℃敼阃蹭慨姝ｆ銆嶏纸Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Act锛夎姹傚湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞€镍夋湁纰轰缭瀹堕暦鍙冭垏TITLE锛╄▓锷冨强鍩疯涔嬫敛绛栵纴涓︽噳瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹堕暦璩囱▕锛?994骞淬€婃敼锽勭编鍦嫔镙℃硶妗堛€?Improving America's Schools Act,IASA)灏囧师链鐣屽畾鍦ㄥ叕姘戞瑠鍒?civil right)鍙婂皪鎶楄钵绐?anti-poverty)涔嫔闀峰弮鑸囷纴杞夊寲鎴愩€岀偤瀛告牎锏煎睍绀炬渻璩囨湰銆?social capital)涔嬭镩插畾浣嶏纴闄ゅ欢绾?988骞存硶妗?118绡€涔嫔闀峰弮鑸囨鏂囷纴涓﹀鍒楀鍗€骞村害瑁滃姪瓒呴亷50钀€呭繀阕堥亱鐢ㄨ呖灏?%鏂煎闀峰弮鑸囦簨阕咃纴浠ュ强澧炶ō?瀹堕暦璩囱▕鑸囱硣婧愪腑蹇?(Parental Information and Resource Centers,PIRCs)锛?001骞淬€婃矑链夊瀛愯惤寰?NCLB)銆嬫硶妗堟洿寮峰寲1118绡€瑕忓畾锛屼甫棣栨镣?瀹堕暦鍙冭垏銆嶅畾缇?銆屽闀蜂互瀹氭湡镄勩€侀洐钖戠殑銆佹湁镒忕京镄勬簼阃氭柟寮忓弮鑸囧鐢熷琛揿缈掑强鍏朵粬瀛告牎娲诲嫊銆嶃€?/P>
鐩墠2001骞寸増銆婂垵绛夊强涓瓑鏁栾偛娉曟銆?鍗炽€婃矑链夊瀛愯惤寰屾硶妗堛€?(No Child Left Behind Act of 2001锛孭ublic Law 107-110))浠嶆槸缇庡湅瀹堕暦鍙冭垏链€楂樻硶寰嬩緷鎿氾纴鍏朵富瑕佽瀹氩湪鏂肩涓€绡?鎻愬崌涓嶅埄铏曞瀛哥敓瀛歌鎴愬氨(TITLE I)绗珹閮ㄥ垎:鏀归€插湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞€鍩烘湰瑷埚妰鎴愭晥涔嬬1118绡€:瀹堕暦鍙冭垏銆傚叾閲嶉粸濡备笅(USDE,2001):
(a)鍦版柟鏁栾偛鐣跺眬鏀跨瓥-
鍦版柟鏁栾偛鐣跺眬渚濇湰阕呰瀹氲锷冨强杈︾悊瀹堕暦鍙冭垏涔嬭▓鐣€佹椿鍕曪纴鍙敌璜嬭伅闾﹁锷╋纴鍏惰▓鐣垏娲诲嫊涔嬭锷冩噳鑸囧闀锋簼阃氲瑭€傛疮涓€鍊嫔湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞€镍夎┎淇濈暀阃欎竴閮ㄥ垎(绗珹閮ㄥ垎鏀归€插湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞€鍩烘湰瑷埚妰鎴愭晥)缍撹不涓嶅皯鏂?%镄勬暀镶茬稉璨讳缔鍩疯链瘈瀹堕暦鍙冭垏瑷堢暙锛屽寘鎷彁鍗囩埗姣嶈瓨瀛椼€佸闀疯兘锷涳绂鍏剁稉璨?5%镍夋挜绲﹀镙￠亱鐢ㄣ€?/P>
(b)瀛告牎瀹堕暦鍙冭垏鏀跨瓥-
姣忓€嫔镙￠兘镍夎垏瀹堕暦钖堜綔瑕忓妰瀹堕暦鍙冭垏鏀跨瓥锛屼甫锏肩郸瀛哥敓瀹堕暦镟搁溃镄勫弮鑸囨敛绛栨浉闱㈡枃浠讹纴瑭宠级瀵︽柦鏂瑰纺锛屽闀锋噳琚互鏄撴哕銆佷竴镊寸殑褰㈠纺锛屼互瀹堕暦浣跨敤镄勮獮瑷€锛屽憡鐭ュ叾瀹堕暦鍙冭垏镄勬敛绛栵纴鐩搁棞鏀跨瓥涓︽噳鎻愪緵璁撶ぞ鍗€鐬В锛屽畾链熸洿鏂颁互绗﹀悎瀹堕暦鑸囧镙′箣闇€姹伞€?/P>
(c)鏀跨瓥鍙冭垏-
(1)瀛告牎镍夊彫闁嫔勾搴﹀闀锋渻璀帮纴闾€璜嫔强榧揿嫷镓€链夊闀峰弮锷狅纴浜呜В鍏舵墍鍙弮鑸囦簨阕?BR>(2)瀛告牎镍夋彁渚涗笉钖屾渻璀拌畵瀹堕暦鍙冭垏锛屽寘鎷棭涓婃垨鍌嶆櫄鏅傞枔镄勬渻璀帮纴鎻愪緵浜ら€氥€佸厌绔ョ収璀枫€佸拰瀹跺涵瑷晱绛夛纴浠ユ彁楂桦闀峰弮鑸?
(3)瀛告牎镍夋湁绲勭箶鍦般€佹寔绾屾€у湴鑸囧闀锋帴瑙革纴涓﹀畾链熻锷冦€佷慨姝ｈ浼板闀峰弮鑸囩殑瑷堢暙鑸囨敛绛栵纴涓︽彁渚涘闀峰弮鑸囧镙＄殑鍏ㄦ牎镐ц▓鐣箣瑕忓妰;
(4)鎻愪緵瀛哥敓瀹堕暦镍夋湁璩囱▕-(A)瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹堕暦鍙冭垏瑷堢暙娲诲嫊;(B)鎻愪緵瀛哥敓瀹堕暦瀛告牎瑾茬▼鎻忚堪鍙婅В閲嬨€佸缈掕閲忓强鎴愬氨妯欐簴绛夎硣瑷?(C)鎺ュ弹瀹堕暦鎻愯杈︾悊瀹氭湡链冭锛岃拹闆嗗缓璀板强灏嶆暀甯暀瀛哥殑镒忚锛屼甫鐩￠€熷洖瑕?
(5)鑻ュ闀峰皪鍏ㄦ牎镐ц▓鐣笉婊挎剰锛屾噳灏囧闀锋剰瑕嬫彁鍑轰互淇瑷堢暙銆?/P>
(d)寤虹珛楂桦鐢熷琛撴垚灏辩殑鍏变韩璨换(SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES)-
姣忓€嫔镙℃噳鑸囧闀峰叡钖岀櫦灞曚竴鍊?瀛告牎-瀹堕暦钖堜綔鍗斿畾?(school-parent compact)锛岃鏄庡闀枫€佸镙℃垚鍝°€佸鐢熷湪鎻愬崌瀛哥敓瀛歌鎴愬氨涓婃噳链夌殑鍏变韩璨换锛屼互鍙婂缓绔嫔ぅ浼撮棞淇傛噳链夌殑绛栫暐浣沧硶锛屼互阆斿埌钖勫窞镄勫琛撴婧栵纴瑭插崝瀹氭噳鍖呮嫭:
(1)鎻忚堪瀛告牎鎻愪緵楂桦搧璩绋嬶纴浠ュ强鍦ㄦ敮鎸佺殑链夋晥镄勫镙＄挵澧冧笅鏁椤涔嬭铂浠伙纴瀹堕暦鍓囨噳鍗斿姪璨犺捣镌ｅ皫瀛╁瓙瀛哥繏銆佹簴鏅备笂瀛搞€佸畲鎴愬搴綔妤€佹摂浠荤彮绱氱京宸ワ纴阆╃暥鍙冭垏鑸囧鐢熸湁闂滀箣姹虹瓥鍙婅澶栨椿鍕曡锷幂瓑;
(2)寮疯鏁椤斧鑸囧闀锋簼阃氱殑閲嶈镐?
(A)灏忓闅庢锛岃呖灏戝彫闁嫔勾搴﹀闀疯垏鏁椤斧链冭锛岃◣璜栧悎浣滃崝瀹氢腑鑸囧鐢熷缈掓湁闂灭殑鍏у;(B)瀹氭湡鎻愪緵瀹堕暦链夐棞瀛哥敓镄勯€叉鎯呭舰鍫卞憡;(C)鎻愪緵鑸囨暀镵峰摗阆╃暥镄勭阆掳纴鎻愪緵姗熸渻鎿斾换缇╁伐鍙冭垏瀛哥敓瑾插爞娲诲嫊链冩暀瀹よ瀵熴€?/P>
(e)鎿村ぇ鍙冭垏镄勭┖闁? 瀛告牎鑸囧湴鏂规暀镶茬暥灞€镍?BR>(1)鎻愪緵鍗斿姪浠ヨ畵瀹堕暦浜呜В钖勫窞瀛歌鍏у妯欐簴銆佸鐢熷琛撴垚灏辨婧栥€佸窞鍙婂鍗€瑭曢噺锛屽浣曡瀵熷鐢熼€叉鎯呭舰銆佽垏鏁椤斧钖堜綔鎻愭槆瀛哥敓瀛哥繏;
(2)鎻愪緵瀹堕暦鏁栾偛涔嬬礌鏉愭垨瑷撶反锛屼互浣垮叾瓒充互鍗斿姪瀛哥敓鎻愬崌瀛哥繏鎴愭晥锛屼緥濡傝瓨瀛楁暀镶层€佺鎶€阆嬬敤瀛哥繏绛?
(3)镍夋暀镶叉暀甯€佹湇鍕椤鐢熶箣浜哄摗銆佹牎闀风瓑浣夸简瑙ｅ闀峰弮鑸囩殑镒忕京鑸囧児鍊硷纴浠ュ强鏁椤皫濡备綍鑸囧闀锋簼阃氥€佸缓绔嫔ぅ浼撮棞淇伞€佸煼琛屽闀峰弮鑸囱▓鐣箣鎶€宸?
(4)鑸囧闀峰悎浣沧帹鍕曡捣濮嬭▓鐣纸Head Start锛夈€侀柋璁€鍎厛(Reading First)銆佸强镞╄捣濮嬭▓鐣纸Early Head Start锛夈€佸榻″墠鍏掔镄勫搴寚灏庤▓锷?Home Instruction Program For Preschool Youngsters)銆佸潎绛夎捣濮嬭▓鐣?(Even Start)銆佸闀蜂綔镣烘暀甯▓鐣?the Parents as Teachers Program)绛夛纴浠ュ强鍏朵粬瀹堕暦璩囨簮涓绩绛夐紦鑸炲闀峰弮鑸囦箣瑷堢暙;
(5)纰轰缭钖勯瀛告牎鍙婂闀峰弮鑸囱硣瑷婂潎鑳戒互瀹堕暦浜呜В镄勬柟寮忋€佽獮瑷€鍌抽€侀€氱煡瀹堕暦;
(6)鏁椤斧銆佹牎闀峰强鍏朵粬鏁栾偛浜哄摗镄勮〒绶翠害鍙个璜嫔闀峰弮鑸囷纴浠ユ彁鍗囨晥鐩?
(7)阆嬬敤链爡瑁滃姪缍撹不杈︾悊蹇呰镄勫闀疯瓨璁€鑳藉姏鏁栾偛;
(8)鎻愪緵鍦版柟瀹堕暦鍙冭垏娲诲嫊阆╃暥瑁滃姪锛屽寘鎷氦阃氥€佸绔ョ湅椤с€佷互璁揿闀峰缑浠ュ弮鑸囧镙＄浉闂沧渻璀版垨瑷撶反;
(9)钘夌敱鎻愪緵瀹堕暦鐩搁棞瑷撶反浠ュ挤鍖栧叾浠栧闀风殑鍙冭垏;
(10)灏囧镙℃渻璀版檪闁揿綀镐у畨鎺掑湪涓嶅悓鏅傛锛屾垨杈︾悊鍦ㄥ链冭(in-home conferences)锛岃畵鐒℃硶鍒版牎镄勫闀峰彲浠ユ湁鍏朵粬阆告搰锛屾挚澶у弮鑸?
(11)瑾挎暣鍙婂煼琛屽绋ā寮忎甫琛岀阆扑互鏀归€插闀峰弮鑸?
(12)寤虹珛瀛稿崁瀹堕暦璜濮斿摗链冿纴浠ユ彁渚涘鍗€鏁栾偛涔嬫敮鎸佽垏寤鸿;
(13)锏煎睍绀惧崁链綅绲勭箶鍙娄紒妤湪鍗斿姪瀹堕暦鍙冭垏娲诲嫊镄勯仼鐣惰镩?
(14)镍夊湪链爡瑕忓畾涓嬮哜灏嶅闀峰皪瀹堕暦鍙冭垏涔嬭姹傛彁渚涘繀瑕佹敮鎸併€?/P>
闅ㄨ宪瀹堕暦鍙冭垏澶氩厓鍖栵纴鍏剁瘎鍦嶆挚澶ц呖瀹跺涵銆佺ぞ鍗€鑸囧镙＄殑钖堜綔锛屽悇鐣岄枊濮嬩娇鐢ㄣ€屽搴弮鑸?(family engagement)涓€瑭烇纴瑾岖偤engagement姣攊nvolvement镟存湁澶氩悜婧濋€氥€佸鍏冨弮鑸囧强钖堜綔澶ヤ即涔嬫剰銆傛瓙宸撮Μ鏀垮簻鏂?010骞?链?3镞ユ彁鍑虹殑銆婃敼闱╃槠镄浉锛氩垵绛夊强涓瓑鏁栾偛娉曟淇妗堛€?A blueprint for reform: the reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act)锛屼究鎺＄敤銆屽搴弮鑸?(family engagement)锛屽挤瑾垮搴强绀惧崁鍙冭垏鏄彁鍗囧镙″搧璩箣闂滈嵉锛屾暀镶叉柦鏀挎噳镟撮吨瑕栫当鏁撮€欎簺璩囨簮镄勭瓥鐣ワ纴浠ユ彁鍗囨垚鏁堬纴淇钻夋涓﹀缓璀版彁楂桦湴鏂规敮鎸佸搴弮鑸囩稉璨昏呖2%(USDE,2010)銆傝┎淇妗埚湪2010骞?链?5镞ラ€佸湅链冨璀帮纴鎯熻縿浠婃湭鑳介€氶亷淇銆?/P>
鍙冭€冩枃鐛?
Moles,O.& Fege, A.(2012).New Directions for Title I Family Engagement: Lessons From the Past. In Redding, S. , Murphy, M. , & Sheley, P. (Ed), Handbook on Family and Community Engagement. IL: Academic Development Institute. Retrieved October 17, 2012, from http://www.families-schools.org/downloads/FACEHandbook.pdf.
USDE(2001). No Child Left Behind Act. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/index.html
USDE(2010).A blueprint for reform: the reauthorization of the elementary and secondary education act. Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/index.html
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