gre阅读难点

　　possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna‘S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA‘s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. (4)

　　科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA‘s(cDNA’s)，以此作为分子探子(molecular probe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNA‘s(mRNA’s)。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA‘s.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA’s应仍然和这些信使mDNA‘s粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA’s的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使RNA‘s进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。

　　难句类型：易混词

　　解释：与其他的难句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。笔者之所以在本句中不设标志和翻译，是因为这三句话从结构和意思上来说并不难。然而很少有人能够真正的一次把这段话读清楚，原因在于两个容易混淆的单词cDNA‘s和mRNA’s在文中交替出现，而且相互作用;再加上brain cell和hormones从中捣乱，更难读清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA‘s来探测mRNA’s.如果脑细胞产生了荷尔蒙，则其中必有mRNA‘s意味着可用cDNA探测荷尔蒙。如果脑细胞制造的不是真荷尔蒙，则可以用cDNA’s与其中的mRNA‘s附着的情况来确定此荷尔蒙的真假。

　　意群训练：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna‘S. If the pr...

　　A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。

　　难句类型 ：复杂修饰、插入语

　　解释：主架构简单，可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是：A long-held view has been that..但是主语A long-held view之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States.系动词has been之后所接的表语从句其实不止一个，其实原句是用了and来连接两个并列的表语从句，has been that…and has been that...后面的has been照例被省略。

　　意群训练：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another,with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicate　virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4)

　　铅的同位素构成经常在一种普通铜矿石来源与另一种铜矿石来源之间存在差异，其差异程度超出测量误差;而最初的研究表明，对于来自单独一个铜矿石来源的铅来说，其同位素构成几乎是毫无二致的。

　　　难句类型 ：复杂修饰、插入语、专业抽象词

　　解释：本句是一个怪异的现象的典型例子：句子的结构谈不上复杂，所用单词也不难，但是除非读者有理工科的科研(最好是材料科学的科研)背景，否则句子虽然能够得读下来，但是却搞不清句子说的是什么意思。首先，句子中出现的一些词汇虽然也都比较常见，但是在理科文章中出现，就有了专有名词的意味，同时还带有很抽象的学术含义，笔者称之为专业抽象词，如isotopic composition;source;variation;measurement error;preliminary study等。认识这些单词，并不意味着懂得它们在文章的意义和作用。比如说measurement error,大家都可以望文生义地理解成测量错误、测量误差，但是在对文章的阅读中这种字面上的理解是远远不够的。其实此处强调的并不是测量中出现的错误和毛病，而是指那些每次测量都会发生的、永远也无法避免的、在测量值和实际值之间的正常的差异。因此，本句话的真实含义也难以理解。句子只是罗列了一堆事实，而作者真正想说的意思是什么呢?其实variations exceeding the measurement error的言外之意是这些不同variations是真正有意义的不同，而不是试验的误差;那么不同矿源的铜矿的铅同位素成分真的不同，相同的矿源的铅同位素几乎相同，就意味着我们可以通过测量铅同位素的成分来确定铜矿的矿源(挖掘地)。

　　意群训练：The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another,with variations exceeding the measurement error;and preliminary studies indicate　virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.

　　This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis(although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a　danger),but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that,ultimately,resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation. (5)

　　这倒不是因为这样的一种解释必定会僵化成为一个命题(尽管对这部或任何一部小说的解释中，僵化死板总是一种危险)，而是因为《呼啸山庄》拥有一些极难驾御的因素，以其无可辩驳的力度，最终拒绝被囿于一个囊括无遗的解释中。

　　难句类型 ：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词

　　解释：本句的两个插入语虽然有一些干扰性，但是最为主要的难点在于成批出现的抽象词，如interpretation/necessarily /stiffen/thesis/rigidity/recalcitrant/element/undeniable/power /ultimately/resist/inclusion/all-encompassing等。据笔者估测，对于初学GRE或GMAT的学习者而言，在一句话中出现了三个心上的抽象词就会使阅读理解造成障碍，而这句话中出现了十三个这样的单词，读不懂也不足为怪。

　　意群训练：This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis(although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a　danger),but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that,ultimately,resist inclusion in an all-encompassing　interpretation.

　　A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　一个对于后来成了美国的英国殖民地的历史的长久以来的观点，认为英国在1763年以前对于这些殖民地的政策被经济利益所支配，而且认为一种向着更大程度帝国制度的政策上的转变——为扩张主义的军事目标所左右——产生了最终导致美国革命的紧张气氛。

　　难句类型： 复杂修饰、插入语

　　解释：主架构简单， 可是主语和表语从句都不让人省心。句子的主干其实就是：A long-held view has been that..但是主语A long-held view之后却是修饰它的一个三层的定语：of the history of the english colonies that became the United States.系动词has been之后所接的表语从句其实不止一个，其实原句是用了and来连接两个并列的表语从句，has been that…and has been that...后面的has been照例被省略。

　　意群训练：A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England's policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution .

　　More probable is bird transport,either externally,by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers,or internally,by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.

　　更有可能的是鸟类运输：或者是通过外部途径，即由于种籽偶然粘附在羽毛上;或者是通过内部方式，即由于鸟类吞食果子并随后将种籽排泄出来。

　　难句类型 ：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装

　　解释：句首有一个倒装，正常语序是bird transport is more probable.后面的句子中由于插入部分的频繁出现使句子显得十分凌乱。

　　意群训练：More probable is bird transport,either externally,by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers,or internally,by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent　excretion of the seeds.

　　It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna‘S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA‘s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. (4)

　　科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA‘s(cDNA’s)，以此作为分子探子(molecular probe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNA‘s(mRNA’s)。如果大脑正在制造着肽激素，则细胞就会含有这些信使RNA‘s.假若细胞所制造的产品类似于肽激素但并非与这些肽激素全然相同，那么，互补cDNA’s应仍然和这些信使mDNA‘s粘结的程度。含有这些mRNA’s的脑细胞然后就可以被分离开来，研究者可对其信使RNA‘s进行解码，以确定它们的蛋白质产品究竟是什么，并确定这些蛋白质产品在何种程度上类似于真正的肽激素。

　　难句类型： 易混词

　　解释：与其他的难句不同的是，心上的英文不止一句。笔者之所以在本句中不设标志和翻译，是因为这三句话从结构和意思上来说并不难。然而很少有人能够真正的一次把这段话读清楚，原因在于两个容易混淆的单词cDNA‘s和mRNA’s在文中交替出现，而且相互作用;再加上brain cell和hormones从中捣乱，更难读清楚原文的意思。原文的主要意思如下：可以用cDNA‘s来探测mRNA’s.如果脑细胞产生了荷尔蒙，则其中必有mRNA‘s意味着可用cDNA探测荷尔蒙。如果脑细胞制造的不是真荷尔蒙，则可以用cDNA’s与其中的mRNA‘s附着的情况来确定此荷尔蒙的真假。

　　意群训练：It is possible to make specific complementary DNA‘s (cDNA’s)that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA‘s (mRNA’s)of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna‘S. If...

　　ranted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James,their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel's heterogeneous parts.

　　诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯(Henry James)的那种意识相比拟;然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course.

　　难句类型 ：复杂修饰、抽象词

　　解释：本句的结构固然复杂，但造成最大的阅读难度的，主要还是对一些抽象词的理解。正面是对一些关键词汇的解释：

　　Granted that出现在句首，其意思是大家都同意、当然，实际上是一种让步语气，等于admitted,of course.

　　Need not argue中的argue在此不是表示常用的那个辩论、争论的意思，而是表示意味着或证实的意思，其同义词是maintain或prove.

　　Camparable的词义有两个，除了读者熟悉的that can be compared之外，还有一个意思是worthy of comparison，其同义词是as good as.本文中用的是后面的那个意思，对于这个词义的理解，后面的第18题考到了。

　　意群训练：Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does(15) encourage attempts to unify the novel's　heterogeneous parts.