专八改错

　　For the last fifteen or twenty years the fashion in criticism or appreciation of the arts have been to deny the existence of any valid criteria and to make the __1__

　　words “good” or “bad” irrelevant, immaterial, and inapplicable. There is no such thing, we are told, like a set of standards first acquired through experience and __2__

　　knowledge and late imposed on the subject under discussion. This has been a __3__

　　popular approach, for it relieves the critic of the responsibility of judgment and the

　　public by the necessity of knowledge. It pleases those resentful of disciplines, it __4__

　　flatters the empty-minded by calling him open-minded, it comforts the __5__

　　confused. Under the banner of democracy and the kind of quality which our

　　forefathers did no mean, it says, in effect, “Who are you to tell us what is good

　　or bad?” This is same cry used so long and so effectively by the producers of mass __6__

　　media who insist that it is the public, not they, who decide what it wants to hear __7__

　　and to see, and that for a critic to say that this program is bad and that program

　　is good is pure a reflection of personal taste. Nobody recently has expressed this __8__

　　philosophy most succinctly than Dr. Frank Stanton, the highly intelligent __9__

　　president of CBS television. At a hearing before the Federal Communications

　　Commission, this phrase...

　　During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat __1__

　　became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. __2__

　　War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop.

　　For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn,

　　so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that __3__

　　they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, __4__

　　just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producers __5__

　　groups asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become __6__

　　involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. __7__

　　Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed __8__

　　a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917

　　and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices

　　fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed __9__

　　the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set pri...

　　Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised __1__

　　hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, __2__

　　enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey. __3__

　　To understand how this transformation has taken place we

　　must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million __4__

　　year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success __5__

　　in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their __6__

　　bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers,

　　aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group __7__

　　attackers.

　　Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative __8__

　　period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence,

　　so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, __9__

　　controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,

　　awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer __10__

　　essential for survival.

　　参考答案及解析:

　　1. 将viewing改为viewed

　　非谓语动词view和句子的主语是逻辑动宾...

　　There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt ‘naturally’ and unconsciously, and orthography __1__

　　is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds __2__

　　like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we __3__

　　firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, __4__

　　whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We __5__

　　begin the ‘natural’ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to

　　read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and __6__

　　practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every __7__

　　day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling.

　　This is ‘ natural’, therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our im- __8__

　　mediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates a means of holding a

　　community and to give a sense of ‘belonging’. We learn quite early to recognize a __9__

　　‘stranger’, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps

　　only a few miles far. __10__

　　The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1__

　　ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2__

　　An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plants foods, one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,

　　Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from __3__

　　plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University

　　of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food

　　than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4__

　　calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5__

　　Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6__

　　one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections

　　or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7__

　　of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little

　　dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood

　　cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8__

　　If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9__

　　could use their eating habi...

　　Classic Intention Movement

　　In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the

　　chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. His urge __1__

　　to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did __2__

　　not care of his guest’s feelings he would simply get up out of his chair __3__

　　and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, __4__

　　therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him __5__

　　raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention __6__

　　Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans

　　forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. __7__

　　This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not __8__

　　hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, __9__

　　push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He

　　holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his __10__

　　body had frozen at the get-ready moment.

　　答案及解析:

　　1. 将can改为must

　　根据上下文的意思“主人有一个约会，必须离开”是客观要求，而不是“能不能”或者“可不可以”的问题。

　　2. not后面加to

　　desire 后应该加动词不定式to do something。

　　3. 将of 改为about

　　care about意思为“对…在意，在乎”，而care of 意思...

　　Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1__

　　would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called

　　ice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2__

　　However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned that water consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3__

　　and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.

　　This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam.

　　Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and

　　the solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. __4__

　　This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist as

　　gases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as a

　　solid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a __5__

　　liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothing

　　very permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid.

　　Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water,

　　can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed __6__

　　on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only because

　　water is so a familiar substance that different names are used for __7__

　　the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with __8__

　　Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect, __1__

　　while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence __2__

　　of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact __3__

　　the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.

　　From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through __4__

　　the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in __5__

　　the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially,

　　this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and __6__

　　magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his __7__

　　portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was __8__

　　close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the __9__

　　string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended __10__

　　by amiable attacks.

　　参考答案及解析:

　　1. 将affect改为effect

　　affect是动词。effect是名词。

　　2. 将suggests改为 suggesting

　　这是一个以while引导的从句，其中suggest应该与capturing并列。

　　3.在fact后面加上that

　　因为引导同位语从句的关系词不可以省略。

　　4. 将their改为its

　　这里its指代单数名词caricature

　　5. 将century改为复数形式

　　6. 将was省略

　　appear是不及物动词，不应用于被动语态。

　　7. 将his改为their

　　这里指代复数名词 the ca...