新托福考试真题题型

　　新托福考试阅读真题十种题型:

　　Basic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set )

　　1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题

　　2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题

　　3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题

　　4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题

　　5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题

　　6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题

　　7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题

　　8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题

　　Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set )

　　9. Prose Summary 文章内容小结题

　　10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题

　　托福考试阅读真题第一篇：真菌(fungi)

　　>考生回忆：

　　·在欧洲，过去采集真菌相对容易;而现在不仅数量减少了，外形也变小了。真菌有很强的环境敏感度，这同树木不同;故环境出现问题则真菌首当其冲。真菌也可以储存养分供给树木。

　　·在北美，那里的人食用真菌类食物(如蘑菇)比较少，且历史较短。人们把其他蘑菇等都算进真菌里面。虽然没有显著减少，但是也有危险。

　　·里面用了很多TPO文章The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii的很多内容;

　　>参考文献说明

　　“欧洲真菌减少”的回忆似乎并不太合常识。经过对自然科学类期刊论文数据库检索后，找到了发表于1990年的一篇论文”Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe”，探讨了欧洲“外生菌”(Ectomycorrhizal Fungi)的数量减少，其中提到的主要原因便是环境因素，同回忆相符。该论述如下(参考阅读中划线句子)：

　　“It is argued that changes in the populations of ectomycorrhizal fungi are most likely to be attributable to indirect effects of air pollution, in particular to increases in amounts of available nitrogen (possibly in combination with acidification) and/or to decreased tree vitality wity consequent reductions in the transport of current assimilates to roots and mycorrhizas.”

　　该论文由学术数据库ScienceDirect收录，来源如下：

　　Eef Arnolds , “Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe “, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 35, Issues 2-3, April 1991, Pages 209-244

　　>参考阅读(上述论文摘要部分)

　　Abstract

　　Recent changes in the species diversity and sporocarp production of ectomycorrhizal fungi in different regions of, and forest communities within, Europe are discussed with special emphasis on events in The Netherlands. In some forest...