了解托福考试听力素材对于提高托福听力的听辨能力还是很有帮助的，那么下面就和出国留学网的小编一起来看看托福听力素材：笛卡尔。
Introduction：
Descartes’s Philosophy
笛卡尔被广泛认为是西方近代哲学的奠基人，他第一个创立了一套完整的哲学体系。哲学上，笛卡尔是一个二元论者以及理性主义者。笛卡尔认为，人类应该可以使用数学的方法–也就是理性–来进行哲学思考。他相信，理性比感官的感受更可靠。
Background information：
René Descartes was a French philosopher，mathematician and writer who spent most of his life in the Dutch Republic. Hehas been dubbed the father of modern philosophy， and much subsequent Western philosophyis a response to his writings， which are studied closely to this day.
Modern foundationalism was initiated byFrench Enlightenment philosopher René Descartes. In his Meditations， Descarteschallenged the contemporary principles of philosophy by arguing that everythinghe knew he learnt from or through his senses. He used various arguments tochallenge the reliability of the senses， citing previous errors and thepossibilities that he was dreaming or being deceived by an Evil artes attempted to establish the secure foundations for knowledge to avoidskepticism. He contrasted the information provided by senses， which is unclearand uncertain， with the truths of geometry， which are clear and etrical truths are also certain and indubitable； Descartes thus attemptedto find truths which were clear and distinct because they would be indubitablytrue and a suitable foundation for knowledge. His method was to question all ofhis beliefs until he reached something clear and dist...
