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作为中国儒家思想的经典作品,《论语》所反映的孔子的思想不仅深深融入了整个中华民族,也影响了整个世界。自十六世纪以来,众多国内外学者都相继推出《论语》的英译本。由国外学者翻译的英译本,较为广泛流传的是理雅各和威利版本,国内翻译或节译过的学者有辜鸿铭、林语堂、丁往道等。
《论语》中“君子”和“小人”出现的频率极高,因此准确解读“君子”和“小人”的内在含义,对《论语》的整体翻译尤为重要。在各种英译本中对“君子”一词有多种译法,比如“the gentleman”, “the scholar”,“the good man”,“the superior man”,“intelligentle man”等,对“小人”一词也有多种译法,如“common people”,“the inferior man”,“the small man”,“the unworthy man”等。本文将以不同译本为参考,探讨两个词语在不同语境下的含义极其译法。
例1、君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚。
威利译:The gentleman is calm and at ease; the Small Man is fretful and ill at ease.
丁往道译:The gentleman is open and at ease; the small man is full of worries and anxieties.
鲁金华译:The superior man is broad-minded and free of worries, while the inferior man is always heavy-hearted and sorrowful.
周仪译:A man of virtue is open-minded and always at ease; a man of meanness is full of distress at all times.
解析:三位译者的译文句式工整,用词简洁。此句表示君子心胸坦荡,思想坦率,其面容行为自然安定舒畅。而小人欲念丛生,心事满满,其外貌动作就会表现得忐忑不安,心神不宁。鲁金华译为“the superior man”和“the inferior man”强调的是君子和小人地位的差别,其他两位译者选用的“the gentleman”和“the small man”强调的仍是出身高贵与低贱的差异。周仪译为“a man of virtue”和“a man of meanness”较为接近原意,此句中“君子”和“小人”的主要区别在于个人的德识修养上。
例2、子曰:“君子不重,则不威;学则不固。”
理雅各译:The master said, “ If the scholar be not grave, he will not call forth any veneration, and his learning will not be solid.”
辜鸿铭译:Confucius remarked, “ A...