过去分词

　　出国留学考研网为大家提供2019考研英语语法：现在分词和过去分词的区别，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新!

　　2019考研英语语法：现在分词和过去分词的区别

　　(1)在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物的行为;及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思，表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之，现在分词是它修饰的成分所作出的动作，过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。

　　例如：

　　convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众

　　the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class被剥削阶级

　　a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗

　　driving gears主动齿轮 / driven gears从动齿轮

　　(2)在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。

　　例如：

　　the rising sun (正在升起的太阳) / the risen sun(升起的太阳)

　　the falling rain(正在下的雨)/ the fallen leaves(落下的树叶)

　　stolen money(被盗的钱/偷来的钱)/ill-gotten wealth(不义之财)

　　a high-flying kite(高飞的风筝)

　　再看一些例子：

　　boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家/an exciting story 令人激动的故事/ excited people 激动的人们

　　(2)在时间上，现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已完成。

　　再看一些例子：

　　surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到)高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪

　　(3)做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感到如何”。

　　例如：

　　His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。

　　We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surp...

　　出国留学网中考网为大家提供2018中考英语：过去分词seated的用法，更多中考英语复习资料请关注我们网站的更新!

　　2018中考英语：过去分词seated的用法

　　seated是一个比较特别的过去分词，说它特殊一是因为它的词性尚有不确定性——它有时是过去分词，有时又具有形容词的性质，像是一个形容词;二是因为这样一个很少引人注意的过去分词，在近几年的高考英语考题中经常“露脸”，一下子变成了一个热点词汇。

　　1. Please remain __________ until the plane has come to a complete stop. (山东卷)

　　A. to seat B. to be seated C. seating D. seated

　　2. Please remain __________; the winner of the prize will be announced soon. (辽宁卷)

　　A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated

　　3. Can those _________ at the back of the classroom hear me? (福建卷)

　　A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat

　　对于seated的用法，首先要从动词seat说起。同学们可能只知道seat的名词用法，即只知道它表示“座位”。其实，seat还可用作动词，且是一个典型的及物动词，其意为“使……坐”或“能容纳……”。如：

　　Seat the boy next to his brother. 让那个孩子坐在他哥哥旁边。

　　We can seat 300 in the auditorium. 我们这个礼堂可容纳300人。

　　由于seat只用作及物动词，所以其后总应有宾语，或用过去分词。如：

　　他在窗户边坐下。

　　误：He seated near the window.

　　正：He seated himself near the window.

　　说明：若将误句中的seated改为sat则是对的，因为动词sit为不及物动词。

　　使她吃惊的是，她发现她丈夫坐在一个美丽姑娘的旁边。

　　误：To her surprise, she found her husband seating next to a beautiful girl.

　　正：To her surprise, she found her husband seated next to a beautiful girl.

　　说明：若将误句中的seating改为sitting则也是正确的。

　　下面请看几个含有seated的句子，注意体会其用法：

　　Please stay [remain] seated. 请不要站起来。

　　He seated himself at the writing table. 他在写字台前坐下。

　　Please be seated, ladies and ...

　　　　单宾语动词的过去分词

　　所谓单宾动词，即指该类动词后边只接一个宾语，不需要两个宾语或宾语补足语。对于这类动词，首先是看它后边是否带宾语，如果没有宾语，则必然为过去分词，因为如果它是作谓语的过去式，则其后边必然要接宾语的。其次，我们还可以利用句中其他很多线索来判断，比如句子谓语中的情态动词、并列结构、某些特殊结构搭配等。下面一一举例来说明。

　　1.The organization of districts that meet the criteria suggestedwould make it possible to resolve the small-school problem in all exceptisolated and sparsely populated areas where such schools may have to becontinued regardless of higher costs。

　　　妙语点睛

　　当我们看到The organization of districtsthat meet the criteria，知道这是个定语从句that meet the criteria修饰districts而不是修饰organization，因为这里用meet而不是meets。然后看到suggested，先假定它是谓语动词，则后边必然要有宾语出现，而且suggested的宾语往往是that从句。但是继续往后看到would make，这时我们既没有发现suggested的宾语，同时又找到了重要谓语线索would，所以，would make是一个谓语必定无疑。靠这两点，我们就很快推翻刚才的假定——认为suggested是谓语。此时，应该马上重新判断suggested的句法功能，应该立即判断出它不是充当主句谓语的过去式，而应该是过去分词后置修饰名词criteria。于是由that meet the criteria变成现在的that meet the criteria suggested，表示“满足所提出的要求”。

　　再继续往后看到all except isolated，以及populated，也许有读者会琢磨这里isolated和populated是过去式还是分词。其实，这个判断比...

　　must + have + 过去分词

　　表示推测过去某动作“一定发生了”。如：

　　—They quarrelled quite often and whenever they quarrelled they threw glasscup at each other.

　　—They must have broken a lot of glasses.

　　文章相关链接：m.liuxue86.com/k_2013高考英语备考/

 

　　在英语学习中，分词是一个相当重要的语法内容。作为非谓语动词，它也是高考年年必考的"重头戏"。但是从学生的答题情况来看，结果却不容乐观。分词应注意的几个问题：

　　1.现在分词与过去分词的区别

　　Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?

　　= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?

　　The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.

　　= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.

　　China is a developing country and America is a developed country.

　　2.分词作表语

　　The news sounds encouraging.

　　They got very excited.

　　1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：

　　The news is interesting. (表示主语的性质特征)

　　He is interested in the news. (表示主语的心理状态)

　　doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系 ;done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。

　　2)表语与被动式的区别：

　　The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming.(强调动作)

　　The blackboard is broken. You’d better have it repaired.(强调状态)

　　3)常作表语的过去分词：

　　amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done

　　3.现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别

　　The situation in our country is encouraging. (表语)

　　The situation in our country is encouraging the people. ( 现在进行时)

　　My job is looking after the little baby. (动名词)

　　能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。

　　例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging.

　　What is your job ? My job i...

Compound tenses such as the passato prossimo are formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle (participio passato). The past participle of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -are, -ere, or -ire and adding the appropriate final ending: -ato, -uto, or -ito (see tables below).

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -ARE VERBS

INFINITIVE FORM

PAST PARTICIPLE

camminare (to walk)

camminato

imparare (to learn)

imparato

lavare (to wash)

lavato

telefonare (to telephone)

telefonato

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -ERE VERBS

INFINITIVE FORM

PAST PARTICIPLE

battere (to beat)

battuto

credere (to believe)

creduto

sapere (to know)

saputo

tenere (to keep)

tenuto

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -IRE VERBS

INFINITIVE FORM

PAST PARTICIPLE

capire (to understand)

capito

finire (to finish)

finito

gradire (to accept)

gradito

sentire (to feel, to smell)

sentito

Below are examples of the passato prossimo with conjugated forms of the verb avere.

PASSATO PROSSIMO WITH REGULAR VERBS

PERSON

IMPARARE (TO LEARN)

CREDERE (TO BELIEVE)

Many verbs in Italian, especially the -ere verbs, have irregular past participles. A list of some of the most common infinitives, along with a sample variation, as well as their past participle forms, appears in the table below.

IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES

INFINITIVE

PAST PARTICIPLE

VARIATION ON THE INFINITIVE

PAST PARTICIPLE

accendere

acceso

riaccendere

riacceso

chiedere

chiesto

richiedere

richiesto

chiudere

chiuso

racchiudere

racchiuso

cogliere

colto

raccogliere

raccolto

cuocere

cotto

stracuocere

stracotto

dire

detto

predire

predetto

dividere

diviso

condividere

condiviso

fare

fatto

strafare

strafatto

leggere

letto

rileggere

riletto

porre

posto

fraporre

fraposto

reggere

retto

correggere

corretto

rispondere

risposto

corrispondere

corrisposto

rompere

rotto

corrompere

corrotto

scegliere

scelto

prescegliere

prescelto

scrivere

scritto

riscrivere

riscritto

trarre

tratto

Italians are all one big happy family, right? Maybe it's because there is so much cooperation in the Italian language. Plural nouns take plural articles, adjectives reflect the nouns they describe in both number and gender, and the past participles of verbs have a similar grammatical rule. When using the conversational past or other compound tenses, the past participle of the acting verb must agree in gender and number with the direct-object pronoun preceding the verb avere. Note the following examples:

Hanno visitato il nonno. (They have visited their grandfather.)

BUT: Lo hanno visitato. (They have visited him. Also: L'hanno visitato.)

Ho comprato i pantaloni. (I have bought the pants.)

BUT: Li ho comprati. (I have bought them.)

Abbiamo veduto Teresa. (We have seen Theresa.)

BUT: L'abbiamo veduta. (We have seen her.)

Ha ricevuto le lettere. (He has received the letters.)

BUT: Le ha ricevute. (He has received them.)