2014高中英语语法大全：形容词和副词

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　　形容词和副词

　　形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等;副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。

　　一、形容词作定语时的位置

　　大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面, 如a red bus, a beautiful park, cold weather等,但实际运用时须注意以下情况。

　　1. 当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。

　　“限定词 + 一般描绘性形容词 + 表示大小、长短、高低的形容词 + 表示形状的形容词 + 表示年龄、新旧的形容词 + 表示颜色的形容词 + 表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词 + 表示物质、材料的形容词 + 表示用途、类别的形容词 + 被修饰的名词”例如：

　　his beautiful small round old brown French wooden writing table

　　当然，在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。

　　2. 形容词修饰everything, something, anything, nothing时, 只能放在其后面。如:

　　Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.

　　I’ve got something important to say. There is nothing interesting at all.

　　somebody, someone, anybody, anyone和nobody, no one.而且只能放在其后。如:

　　Is there anything else you want to say?

　　What else do you want?

　　else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时, 只能在else后加's, 而不能在疑问代词或不定代词后加's. 如说someone else's, 而不能说 * someone’s else。 who else的所有格有两种形式who else's或whose else例如:

　　3. else只能修饰疑问代词who, whom, whose, what和不定代词something, anything, nothing,

　　— Is this hat yours?

　　— Whose else ( =Who else's) could it be ?

　　4. enough和nearby作形容词时可放在所修饰的名词前,也可放在其后。如:

　　a nearby building =a building nearby

　　We have enough food(=food enough)to last us for a week.(food enough„是旧用法,现在已不常用了。)

　　二、貌似副词的形容词

　　在英语构词法中, 以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly (渐老的, 年龄相当大的), friendly (朋友似的, 友好的), lively (活泼的, 生动的), lonely (孤独的, 寂寞的), lovely (可爱的, 美丽的), orderly (有秩序的,整齐的)等。如:

　　She gave us a lively lesson yesterday. 她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。

　　*She gave us a lesson lively. (误将lively用作副词, 是错句)

　　应该说: She gave us a lesson in a lively way. 她生动地给我们上一节课。

　　三、表语形容词

　　形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake, glad, scarce, sorry, sure, worth, unable等。例如:

　　The child is asleep/sleeping. (作表语)

　　但是:the sleeping child,不能说*the asleep child(作定语) 注意:

　　1) 只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语(相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句)如: Who's the greatest man (that is) alive?

　　The people (who are) present at the meeting are famous scientists.

　　The boy (who is) afraid of exams is my brother.

　　2) 若这些形容词前有修饰语时, 也可放在名词前面作定语, 如:

　　a fast asleep man, the wide awake child.

　　它们还可作宾语补足语和主语补足语,如:

　　People who find hibernating animals asleep often think they are dead. (作宾语补足语)

　　An enemy officer was caught alive. (作主语补足语)

　　四、系表结构中形容词后的宾语

　　afraid, glad, sorry, sure, worth等形容词与系动词 be, seem等一起构成的系表结构后可以带一个宾语。现分叙如下:

　　1. be afraid to do sth.表示“不敢干某事”, 而be afraid of sth. (doing sth.) 则表示“害怕 (干)某事”，如:

　　She is afraid to go out alone at night. (她不敢夜晚独自出门.) Are you afraid of snakes? (你害怕蛇吗?) 试比较下列两个句子: She was afraid to wake her husband. She was afraid of waking her husband.

　　第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生气。第二句的意思是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因为她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。

　　be afraid + that-clause表示一种委婉的客套话, that可以省略。如:

　　I am afraid (that) I can’t go with you.

　　2. be glad后可接of, 不定式或that-clause. 如:

　　I am glad of your success.

　　I am glad to meet you. I am glad that you have passed the examination. Aren't you sorry about (for) what you've done? I’m sorry for you. We're sorry to hear that. 3. be sorry可接about或for, 也可按不定式或that-clause. 如:

　　4. be sure可接of或about,也可接不定式或that-clause。如:

　　We're sure of a warm welcome.

　　I was not sure about two things — the grammar and some of the idioms. Are you sure that he is honest? be worth表示“价值”时, 可直接接名词。如: The used car is worth $300 at most. 还可接动名词的一般式, 主语为动名词的逻辑宾语。如: This book is worth reading. 在It is worth while这一结构中, it为形式主语,后面可用动名词, 也可用动词不定式: It is worth while visiting the place. It is worth while to visit the place. (= The place is worth visiting.)

　　形容词worthy可作定语, 修饰名词。 如a worthy team 1eader. 它与of连用可作后置定语。如:

　　an enemy worthy of his sword (剑); a cause worthy of support

　　作表语时, of后可接名词。如:

　　This place is worthy of a visit. 也可接动名词, 常用其被动式。如:

　　This place is worthy of being visited. (=This place is worth visiting.)

　　如不与of连用, 则可接动词不定式的被动式。如:

　　This book is worthy to be read. ( = The book is worth reading.)

　　五、形容词、副词前定冠词的用法

　　说明：在形容词、副词的比较级和最高级中，我们所谈到的所谓的冠词 “the” 严格地说, 应该是副词，但出于习惯或者是为了使语法术语简单化，这里我们姑且仍将其称为冠词。

　　1. 形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词, 副词最高级前可加可不加定冠词。

　　2. 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词或不加冠词, 表示“非常”。如:

　　This is a most interesting story.

　　但如果这个名词短语后面带有一个表示范围的短语或从句, 则要用定冠词。即:

　　This is the most interesting story in this book (I've ever heard).

　　3. 表示两者间“较„的一个”时, 形容比较级前需加定冠词。如:

　　Which is the better of the two pianos?

　　5. worth, worth while和worthy

　　Who is the elder of the two brothers?

　　4. 一般说来, 在same之前要加定冠词。如:

　　They are exactly the same.

　　We are of the same age. 又如在短语中: all the same, at the same time等。

　　词都必须加定冠词。如:

　　The nearer an object is to us, the bigger it looks. The more they talked, the more excited they were.

　　(年轻人), the blind (盲人), the wounded (伤员), the dead (死去的人)，当它们作句子的主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式;但若是指一个人或抽象事物的形容词则常用单数形式。 Generally, the rich is cruel to the poor.

　　The dead is his father.

　　The new is sure to take the place of the old.

　　六、某些常见副词的区别

　　1. sometimes, sometime, some time, some times

　　Sometimes是副词, 意思是“有时”。如: My father usually goes to work by bike, but sometimes on foot. sometime也是副词, 意思是“某个时候”。如: I saw him sometime in October. 用在将来时的句子里表示“某日”、“某时”。如: He will go to call on his uncle sometime next week.

　　some tome作为副词词组意为“某时候”,通常用于将来时;作为名词词组则是“一些时间”的意思。some times的意思是“数次”。如:

　　Let's have dinner some time next week. He has waited for some time.

　　fairly和rather都可以作为程度副词，都可以修饰形容词和副词;在翻译上都可以译成“挺„地，相当„地”的意思。区别如下：

　　1) rather一般用来表示消极的含义，如否定的、坏的、不理想的概念。而fairly一般用

　　来表示积极的、好的、合理想的概念。

　　Let’s go by bus. It’s rather cold outside. Her English is fairly good.

　　2) rather可与比较级(形容词或副词)连用，也可与too连用，表示a little(有点)、

　　slightly (稍微)的意思，fairly则不能这样用。

　　a) 与比较级连用，“„„多了”

　　My brother is rather better today.

　　This dictionary is rather more expensive than that one.

　　b) 与too连用“有点„;稍微„”

　　This book is rather too difficult for the juniors and rather too easy for the seniors.

　　5. 在the + 比较级„the + 比较级„表示“越„就越„”这个结构中, 不管是形容词还是副6. 在某些形容词前加上定冠词, 则表示同类人。如: the rich(富人),the poor (穷人), the young 2. fairly和rather

　　We had a fairly nice dinner, but the price is rather too high.

　　c) 当修饰名词且有不定冠词时，冠词应该放在fairly前，rather之后。

　　如：a fairly pretty girl / rather a bad boy

　　3. 即可作形容词又能作副词的 “-ly”副词的用法

　　1) 抽象与具体

　　a) deep和deeply一般说来，用于具体的情况时deep和deeply 均可(但deep更

　　常用); deeply用于抽象的情况。

　　He dived deep /deeply into the water. (具体)

　　I was deeply moved by his heroic deeds. (抽象)

　　b) high和highly

　　The bird is flying high in the sky. (具体)

　　He was highly thought of by the students. (抽象)

　　c) wide和widely

　　He opened his eyes wide. (具体)

　　English is widely used in the world. (抽象)

　　2) 习惯用法

　　a) easy与easily

　　副词easy常用于习语中

　　go easy (宽容);go easy on (节省);take it easy (放松);easy does it (不着忙);get off easy (不受严厉惩罚);stand easy (休息);Easy come, easy go. (来的易去的快) 除习语外的情况，多用easily。例如：

　　This TV set can be easily moved about.

　　aloud ―大声地‖，常与cry, shout连用;表示“出声地”与silently相对。

　　The boy in the water is crying aloud for help. Please read the text aloud.

　　loud主要说明人的谈笑声音，常与speak, talk, laugh, say, shout连用。但如果说

　　的是消极行为，则用loudly。loudly常含有“喧闹、嘈杂、吵闹”之意。

　　He was about to speak loud when the naughty boy began to cry loudly.

　　另外，loudly还可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如：

　　Today she is very loudly dressed.

　　c) slow与slowly

　　在walk, run, climb, go, speak, read, burn以及how之后常用slow, 如：

　　How slow he climbs up the hill!

　　其他场合一般用slowly

　　She eats more slowly of all the family.

　　d) quick与quickly

　　两者意思均为“快地;迅速地”但在“as…as”结构中，quick较为多用。

　　He ran as quick as I did at the sports meeting.

　　另外，在口语中， quick通常在词组中作副词，如在 Come quick(快点来)这样的词组中，但在正式写作中，要求使用 quickly

　　b) aloud, loud, loudly

　　3) 意义相似，常可互换。

　　这样的词常见的有：clear / clearly; direct / directly; free / freely; bad / badly; quiet / quietly 等等。但值得注意的是，有些场合带-ly的副词通常表示方式，不带-y的副词通常表示结果。例如：

　　The door is closed tight.

　　七、频率副词

　　常见的频率副词有always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, never等。

　　1. 频率副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、情态动词或助动词之后。如: I usually get up at six in the morning.

　　Li Ming is often late for school. We could hardy understand him. 在简略答语和省略句中，则常放在系动词、情态动词或助动词之前。如：

　　Can they usually find time for amusements?

　　Yes, they always can.

　　为了加强语气,也可放在句首。其中often, seldom, hardly, barely, never在句首时，句子要倒装。如：

　　Sometimes we play basketball, sometimes we play table tennis. Often did we warn them not to do so.

　　分常用肯定式。如：

　　You seldom go to your uncle’s, do you? She can hardly read and write, can she? Please tightly close the door. He remembers the photo clearly. The photo has not come out clear. 2. 其中seldom, hardly, 和never常看作否定词，因此在构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句部

　　八、older和elder; farther和further

　　1. old的比较级和最高级有两种形式，即older, elder和oldest, eldest。在就年龄作比较时和

　　修饰物时要用older, oldest。如：

　　I am one year older than you.

　　Mr. Smith is the oldest in the office.

　　My coat is older than yours.

　　elder和e1dest主要用来表示兄弟姊妹之间的长幼关系,不能修饰物。如:

　　My elder sister is at college.

　　He is my eldest daughter.

　　Who is the eldest of the three (sisters或brothers)?

　　下面一句最能说明两者之间的区别: My elder brother is one year older than I.

　　离进行比较，即表示“更远”、“较远”时，美国英语常用farther, farthest, 英国英语中further较farther更常用。如：

　　He is too tired to go any further (farther).

　　The school is on the further (farther) side of the mountain.

　　2. far的比较级和最高级也分别有两种形式，即farther和further; farthest和furthest。对距离further的主要意思是“进一步”(此时不能用farther代替)。如:

　　Don’t make any change till further notice.

　　Please wait for further information. furthest现在已很少使用了，对距离或者是程度比较都常用farthest。如:

　　She is the farthest advanced of all my students. Who ran (the ) farthest?

　　九、形容词、副词比较级前的程度状语

　　形容词、副词的比较级前可有一个状语，表示比较的程度，常见的有：

　　1. many, much, a lot, a good (great) dea1, far (by far) 等表示“„得多”,如:

　　We are making far greater progress now than we did last year.

　　She looks much younger than she actually is. Joan made a lot more paper flowers than Mary.

　　I have got some more books, but not enough. Have you got any more money from him?

　　3. a little, a bit表示“稍许”,“一点儿”。如:

　　May I stay here a little longer? This lesson is a bit more difficult than that one.

　　4. still, even等表示“甚至更”、“还要”。如:

　　Tom studies harder than Jack. Peter studies even (still) harder.

　　5. 当副词all修饰比较级时，前面应加定冠词the，意思是“越发地„”

　　When I learned that he was a boy of not more than ten, my wonder was all the greater.

　　6. 在比较句型more than的结构中应注意以下几点

　　1) 表示“弱化比较”意义的形容词无论是多音节还是单音节，一概用less。例如：

　　My father is less angry than yesterday. (我爸爸的气较昨天消了一些。)

　　2) no + 比较级 + than表示“只有”“仅”“就那么„„”或“一样”。如:

　　My whole school education added up to no more than one year. I could see no more than you. That boy is not more than fifteen, I think.. 请注意下面的句子 They designed a device (装置) no bigger / not bigger than a match box.

　　用no bigger than表示这一装置“仅一个火柴盒那么大”;用not bigger 表示这一装置“还没有一个火柴盒大”。

　　4) no more…than或not…any more than“和„一样地不„”，意味着两者都否定，但往

　　往着重说明前面的一个分句，其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如：

　　Mary is no more diligent than Tom. = Neither Mary nor Tom is diligent.

　　“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”

　　5) not more… than“不如„;不及于„”，语气常着重于后面的一个分句，常可与“not

　　so / as … as”互换使用。例如：

　　This story is not more interesting than that one.

　　= This story is not so/as interesting than that one.

　　7. 用数字表示确切的量或倍数关系。如:

　　2. some, any表示“一些”。some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。如: 3) not + 比较级 + than表示“不比”,“不足”。如:

　　There are 10 more students in our class than in Class 2.

　　Mr. Johnson is three years older than his wife.

　　十、倍数表示法

　　英语中表示倍数的方法大致有三种,即:

　　1. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + as + 形容词原级 + as B.

　　This playground is three times as large as that one.

　　2. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + the + (size, weight, length, width, depth, height,

　　number…) + of + B.

　　This playground is three times the size of that one. This playground is twice larger than that one. 以下句子的意思是相同的。 This street is four times the length of that one.

　　= This street is four times as long as that one.

　　= This street is four times longer than that one.

　　= This street is four-fold longer than that one.

　　注意：但若表示“比„大 (长、宽、重、高、深„等)多少”，须用“数字%+比较级+than”来表达。上句还可转换为：

　　This street is 300% longer than that one.

　　(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。或：这条街是那条街四倍长) 3. A + be (或谓语动词) + 数词 + times + 形容词比较级 + than B.

　　六、作后置定语用的形容词短语

　　许多形容词可以与某些词(组)或结构搭配构成形容词短语。当这些短语在句子中作名词的修饰语时, 应该后置, 其语法功能相当于一个省略形式的定语从句 (限制性或非限制性均可), 也就是说后置的形容词短语相当于省去 "which/who/that + be" 之后保留下来的表语。这种形容词短语的构成方式大致可以分为以下几种:

　　一、 两个或两个以上的形容词可以在一起由and或but连接而构成形容词短语。这种短语作后置定语时, 一般修饰具有泛指意义的名词。如:

　　He is a man rude but henpecked.他是一个粗暴而惧内的男人。

　　children innocent, lively and lovely天真而又活泼可爱的孩子

　　(注: 此类形容词短语亦可作前置定语)

　　二、 有些形容词常与某些介词短语搭配, 作后置定语。如:

　　The leaders present at the meeting tota11ed eight.出席会议的领导共有八人。

　　This is a subject worthy of careful study.这是一个值得仔细研究的问题。

　　另外, 有些形容词 (表语形容词除外) 与介词搭配时, 我们还可以把它和其后的介词拆开, 即将形容词置于名词之前, 将介词短语置于名词之后。如:

　　a question different from this one = a different question from this one 一个与此不同的问题

　　三、 少数形容词后面可以直接跟逻辑宾语, 用以构成后置定语来修饰名词。如:

　　She owns a diamond worth four thousand francs 她有一颗价值四千法郎的钻石。

　　a boy afraid (that) he can’t pass the exam 一个怕这次考试不能及格的男孩

　　a student confident (that) he will be able to pass the exam一个对通过考试很有自信心的学生

　　*有的语法书上认为形容词后面的that从句是状语从句, 有的认为是宾语从句。笔者认为这两种说法均有道理, 但总归是形容词和从句构成了形容词短语。如:

　　We are afraid that you'll not get here on time.

　　四、 有些形容词可以与后面的动词不定式一起构成可以置于名词之后的短语。如:

　　Lei Feng was a good comrade, always ready to help others.

　　雷锋是个好同志, 他总是乐于助人。

　　so...to do, too...to do和...enough to do等不定式惯用结构也可以用于修饰前面的名词。如: questions so easy to answer容易回答的问题

　　problems too difficult to solve难以解决的问题

　　若被修饰的名词前面有不定冠词, 我们还可以用分隔形式。也就是将形容词放在不定冠词前面, 将不定式放在名词后面。

　　She is a nurse careful enough to tend patients. = She is careful enough a nurse to tend patients. 她是一位照料病人足够细心的护士。

　　五、 少量形容词后面可以加-ing分词构成可以后置的短语。如:

　　peasants busy getting in crops 忙于收割庄稼的农夫们

　　a student long understanding the problem好不容易才弄懂这个问题的学生

　　六、 表示距离和时间的名词词组常与后面的形容词一起构成可以后置的形容词短语。如:

　　a 1eaning tower about 180 feet high 一座约一百八十英尺高的斜塔

　　a poor little boy, not over 12 years old 一个不超过十二岁的贫苦小男孩

　　七、 后置的形容词短语还可常由 more...than, no more...than 和 not more...than 等比较级结构或

　　as...as 结构组成。如:

　　a student no more diligent than Tom一个和汤姆一样不勤奋的学生

　　a book as interesting as this one一本与此书同样有趣的书

　　这种结构同样可以采取分隔形式:

　　She is a girl as clever as Mary. = She is as clever a girl as Mary.

　　她是一个象玛丽一样聪明的姑娘。

　　八、 有些表语形容词(一般多为a-开头)也可以置于名词之后,其功能相当于定语从句。如:

　　the baby asleep那个熟睡的婴儿

　　the boy afraid of exams那个怕考试的男孩

　　九、 单个的分词修饰名词时,可以前置,也可以后置。如:

　　a stolen car = a car stolen被盗的轿车

　　若用分词短语修饰名词, 则应后置。如:

　　a girl interested in maths一位对数学感兴趣的姑娘

　　the man married to Helen那位与海伦结了婚的男人

　　七、“It”的用法

　　“It”在英语中用法非常广泛，但也容易被人误用。笔者现将其常见用法做一简要介绍。

　　一、作为代词的it

　　1. 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。

　　The frog is not a warm-blooded animal.

　　It’s a cold-blooded one.

　　2. 用以代替提示代词this, that。

　　— What’s this? —It’s a flag.

　　— Whose exercise book is that? — It’s here.

　　3. 起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。

　　— Who is knocking at the door? — It’s me.

　　— Who is making such a noise? — It must be the children.

　　4. 指环境情况等。

　　It was very quiet (noisy) at the moment.

　　5. 指时间，季节等。

　　— What time is it? — It is eight o’clock.

　　6. 指天气或气候。

　　It often rains in summer.

　　It’s very cold today, isn’t it?

　　7. 指距离。

　　It is five kilometers from the office to my home.

　　It is a long way to the factory.

　　二、作为引导词的it

　　1. 作形式主语。

　　当动词不定式(或不定式的复合结构)、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。例如：

　　It is not easy to finish the work in two days.

　　It is not a good habit to stay up late.

　　It is no use crying over the spilt milk.

　　It is a pity that you didn’t read the book.

　　2. 作形式宾语。

　　当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句时， 往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。例如：

　　I think it no use arguing with him.

　　I found it very interesting to study English.

　　He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.

　　3. 用于强调结构。

　　要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、状语、宾语)，可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是 ―It is (was)+被强调部分+that (who) +句子的其余部分.‖ 如果被强调的部分是人， 可用who, whom代替that, 例如：

　　It is Prof. Lin who / that teaches us English.(强调主语)

　　It is English that Prof. Lin teaches us.(强调宾语)

　　It was in Shanghai tha(强调状语)

　　It was in 1975 that I worked in a factory.(强调状语)