2014高中英语语法大全：句子的种类

　　出国留学网高考频道在考试后及时公布各科高考试题答案和高考作文及试卷专家点评，请广大考生家长关注。时光飞逝，暑假过去了，新学期开始了，不管情愿与否，无论准备与否，我们已走进高三，走近我们的梦!祝愿决战2014高考的新高三学员能倍加努力，在2014年高考中也能取得优异的成绩。

　　句子的种类

　　一. 简单句

　　一个简单句里只有一个主谓结构(有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语)，而谓语又一定是需要限定动词的，因此，通过对限定动词的识别，可以帮助我们判断一个句子是不是简单句，找出其基本结构中缺少或多余的成分。请看以下例句：

　　I saw him walking to the office this morning and looking eager to get there and start work. (saw 是限定动词;walking，looking，to get，start都是非限定性动词，即非谓语动词。)

　　While cutting trees，one man was nearly killed by a falling tree. (was是限定动词;cutting，killed，falling是非限定动词。)

　　You can either stay here or come with us.

　　(stay，come都是非限定动词;can是情态动词，can stay or come作谓语。)

　　二. 并列句

　　1. 并列连词及其使用

　　1) 常用的并列连词(或称等立连词)有：and，or，but，for，not only...but(also)，either...or，

　　nether...nor，both...and.

　　2) 除for以外的并列连词都可以用来连接一个单句里的两个并列成分，例如：

　　Jenny and I are good friends。 We run，jump and shout for joy together.

　　(当有两个以上的并列成分时，一般只在最后两者之间用连词。)

　　We go for a walk or watch TV after supper.。

　　The bike is quite old but in excellent condition.

　　Either your answer or mine is wrong.

　　3) 除both...and以外的并列连词还可用来连接两个简单句(或称并列分句)，构成并列句。

　　She was often late and everybody knew，but no one asked why.

　　The old lady doesn't go out in the winter， for she feels the cold a great deal.

　　Not only is the teacher himself interested h the subject but a11 his students are beginning to show an interest in it.

　　2. 连接并列分句的其它手段

　　1) when/where偶尔也可作并列连词;如：

　　I was walking down the street when I remembered that I had forgotten my umbrella.(when = and then)

　　Last night I went to the theatre where I saw Tom's parents，(where = and there) The tongue is not steel，yet it cuts.

　　I’m busy today，so can you come tomorrow?

　　Go into the cave，then they won't see you.

　　It may be possible or not;however，we shall understand.

　　I’ve never been to Berlin;therefore I don't know much about it. 2) 副词yet，的和then可以连接并列分句：

　　3) 还可用分号“;”。如： 3. 并列分句的排列顺序 必须考虑各分句之间的逻辑关系及其时间上的先后顺序，具体情况具体分析。 1) 有些并列的分句可以相互颠倒，并不影响所表达的句意，如： Everyone was in the classroom and the doors were closed.

　　(=The doors were c1osed and everyone was in the classroom.)

　　2) 多数并列句里的分句不能相互颠倒。如：

　　Most of us were in the classroom，the doors were closed and the late comers had to wait Outside.

　　(为说明门关之后，迟到者只好在外等着，后两个分句的顺序不能颠倒。)

　　We were coming to see you，but it rained(so we didn’t)。

　　(考虑到两个分句所谈事实的时间先后与逻辑关系，它们的位置不能颠倒。)

　　三. 复合句

　　1. 复合句由一个主句和一个(或一个以上的)从句组成。用来连接从句的连词是从属连词。从句附属于主句的方式有三种：

　　1) 相当另一个句子里的某个名词或名词词组的作用，作名词从句。

　　Everyone could see the truth / (that) it was true.

　　2) 修饰句子里的某个名词或代词，作定语从句。如：

　　I often see My old friends / my school friends who were at school with me.

　　3) 相当另一个句子里的某个状语的作用，作状语从句。如：

　　I met your brother ten years ago / when I came to this school. 2. 两类连词的区分与使用 并列连词与从属连词的作用不同，注意不可混用。如：

　　不能说：*Although I was good at maths，but I was never given full marks.(although与but不能连用)

　　应说：Although I was good at maths，(yet)I was never given full marks.

　　或： I was good at maths，but/yet I was never given full marks.

　　不能说：*Unless you work harder，or you will fail to pass the test.(unless与or不能连用)

　　应说：Unless you work harder，you will fail to pass the test.

　　或：Work harder/you must work harder, or you will fail to pass the test.

　　四. 陈述句的肯定与否定

　　1. not及其它否定词的使用

　　1) 否定句一般可以由否定词not及必要的助词来构成，例如：

　　These exercises are not difficult.

　　I don't like sweets.

　　2) 除not以外，还有以下这些否定词，也能构成否定句：

　　a) never，hardly，seldom一类含否定意义的副词。如：

　　I have not / never / hardly (ever)/ seldom spoken to Mr. George.

　　I have not said anything to anybody about it.

　　I have spoken to nobody / no one about it.

　　I have said nothing to anybody about it.

　　I haven't any money / I have no money.

　　I haven't any./ I have none.

　　c) neither和nor，主要在以下句式中：

　　---I haven't spoken to Mr. George.

　　---Neither/Nor have I.

　　当用作连词时，neither要在nor之前。如：

　　Neither Bob nor I broke the window. We neither want nor need any help from you, thank you. b) no，none以及其它由no-构成的复合词(nothing，nobody，no one，nowhere等)。

　　2. 肯定变否定时的其它相应变化

　　肯定与否定句的区别，除了看有无否定词之外，还可能体现在其它方面，试比较： I have found some mistakes already.

　　I haven't found any yet?(some >>> any;already >>> yet)

　　I have found some mistakes，too.

　　I haven't found any either.(too >>> either)

　　五. 疑问句

　　1. 否定问句

　　1) 否定问句可由否定句变来，例如：

　　He doesn't eat meat.

　　I haven't seen him.

　　结构相当正规，如：

　　Does he not eat meat?(不能说 *Does not he...?)

　　Have you not seen him?(不能说 *Have not you...?)

　　3) 否定问句的回答要“前后如一”，不可受汉语影响犯以下这类错误：

　　— Doesn't he eat meat?

　　一Yes，he does. /No，he doesn't.

　　(不能说 Yes，he doesn't./No，he does.)

　　2. 反意疑问句的一般构成

　　1) 反意疑问句的一般构成是：肯定陈述，否定尾句;否定陈述，肯定尾句。要注意反问尾

　　句中的助词(或系动词、情态动词等)与人称代词应与陈述部分中的语法动词与主语取

　　得一致。例如：

　　Jane is your cousin，isn’t she? There is no doubt，is there?

　　We need to ask first，don’t we? We needn’t ask first，need we?

　　2) 要注意陈述部分主语后面的缩写形式 's或 'd的真实意义，以决定尾句应该选用的助动

　　词或系动词等。如：

　　He’s never met you before，has he? (He's=He has)

　　He’s going to tell you the truth，isn't he?(He's=He is)

　　You'd better go， hadn't you? (you'd =you had)

　　You'd rather stay， wouldn't you?(you'd =you would)

　　3) 要注意“否定陈述+肯定尾句”的回答必须前后一致。

　　You seldom go swimming in the morning，do you?

　　Yes，I do，/No，I don't.

　　3. 比较特殊的反意疑问句

　　有些反意疑问句的尾句构成比较特殊，应当引起注意:

　　Few people knew the answer，did they?(few为否定含义，后接肯定尾句。)

　　I'm older than you，aren't I?(I am后面的否定尾句常用aren't I?)

　　Pass me the newspaper，will you?(肯定祈使句用will you?)

　　Don't be late next time，will you?(否定祈使句后也用will you?)

　　Remember to lock the door，won't you?(用won't you表示请求或恳求。)

　　Use your head，can't you?(can't you表示不耐烦或不满的斥责。)

　　Let's do it by ourselves，shall we?(第一人称祈使句，we包括说话人与听话人双方。)

　　Let us do it by ourselves，will you?(第二人称祈使句，we只指说话人一方。)

　　Everybody has been told what to do，haven't they?(尽管hasn't he似乎更合语法;习惯常用 haven't they。)

　　Doesn't he eat meat? >>> Haven't you seen him?

　　2) 否定问句的开头一般都用not的缩写形式;如分开，则须将not放到主语之后，但这类

　　None of us knew the way，did we?(none of us作主语, 尾句中用we)

　　Some of you are learning Russian，aren't you?(同上句理解。)

　　4. 特殊疑问句

　　1) 两种语序：

　　a) 当疑问词为主语或主语的定语时，语序与陈述句相同，如：

　　Somebody broke the window. >>> Who broke the window?

　　Something broke the window. >>> What broke the window?

　　Somebody's window was broken. >>> Whose window was broken?

　　b) 当疑问词为其它成分时，则疑问词后面的语序与一般疑问句相同，如：

　　He was reading China Daily. >>> What paper was he reading?

　　I saw the film yesterday. >>> When did you see the film?

　　2) 要注意选择恰当的疑问词以及与之搭配的其他词语，如：

　　I bought a bike made in Tianjing. >>> What bike did you buy?

　　The new bike under the tree is mine. >>> Which bike is yours? He did his work carefully. >>> How did he do his work?

　　I go to the library twice a week.>>> How often do you go to the library?

　　He painted the desk white.>>> What color did he paint the desk?

　　5. 两类选择疑问句

　　1) 一类是以一般疑问句为基础的。如：

　　Do you speak French or German?

　　Will they come to see us or sha11 we go to see them?

　　Has Henry finished his breakfast or hasn't he?

　　2) 另一类是以特殊疑问句为基础的，可以看成是由一个Wh- 问句加上并列起来供人选择

　　的两个(或两个以上的)答案构成的。如：

　　How do you go to school every day，by bus or on foot?

　　When shall we set off，at six or (at)six thirty?

　　六. 祈使句

　　1. 祈使句的主语

　　1) 主语应为第二人称时，通常不表示出来，如：

　　Read after me， please. Be careful with your pronunciation. Have this seat，will you?(可加反意疑问句) Let me have a try. Let him try again. All/Everybody be here at two o'clock。(也可不用Let) 2) 行为动作的主语为第一、三人称时，祈使句通带以Let开头：

　　2. 祈使句的强调与否定

　　1) 祈使句的强调结构是在句首加Do：

　　Do come early next time. Do be careful! 2) 祈使句的否定是在句首加Don't： Don't ask me why. Don't be late.

　　Don't 1et there be too much noise.

　　Never buy what you cannot pay for.(也可用Never)

　　3. 祈使句+and/or结构

　　这类结构常可与含if从句的复合句相互转换：

　　Give h1m an inch， and he'll take a yard. (=lf you give him an inch, he'll take a yard.)

　　Wear your coat，or you'll catch cold.(If you don't wear your coat，you'll catch cold.) 七. 感叹句

　　1. What +(a/an)+adj. + n.+ 主谓

　　What a beautiful day it is!

　　What wonderful weather we are having!

　　1) What之后是否用a/an要看后面的名词是否可数;是单数还是复数：

　　What beautiful music the boy is playing!(music不可数，前面不可加a/an.) What fools they were!(fools，复数，不可加a/an) What a beautiful day!

　　What fools!

　　How hard you've been working! How time flies!

　　2) 在上下文清楚的情况下，感叹句中的主谓结构甚至形容词都可省略。如： 2. How + adj./adv. + 主谓!

　　How happy we are!

　　How也可修饰句中动词，如： How I miss you，my friend! 3. How+adj.+ a/an +单数名词„：

　　How foolish a boy he is!(= What a foolish boy he is!)