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高考英语名词考点
1. I found her sitting in the corner， reading _____ newspaper， with _____ in her eyes.
A. a， tear B. a piece of， tears C. a， tears D. a piece of， tear
【陷阱】误选D，许多学生错误地认为，既然news(消息)和 paper(纸)均为不可数名词，那么newspaper(报纸)也应是不可数的;同时认为“眼泪”即“泪水”，“水”不可数，“泪水”和“眼泪”也应该不可数。
【分析】最佳答案为C。newspaper和 tear均为可数名词，它们不仅可以连用不定冠词、可以用复数，而且还可以连用数词。
Her eyes filled with tears. 她热泪盈眶。
She dried her tears with a handkerchief. 她用手帕擦干了眼泪。
The newspapers were full of lies. 报纸上一片谎言。
A newspaper is a publication. 报纸是一种出版物。
若不是将 newspaper 当作是供阅读或传递信息的一种东西，而只是把它当成一种“纸”来看待，也可用作不可数名词，如：
Wrap it in (a sheet of) newspaper. 把它用张报纸包起来。
2. Her father works as a ______ in a hotel and her mother a ______ in a private company.
A. cooker， typewriter B. cook， typist C. cooker， typist D. cook， typewriter
【陷阱】误选A，许多同学想当然地认为：cook 用作动词，表示“煮饭”，所以 cooker 应是其相应的名词，表示“煮饭的人”，即“厨师”;type 用作动词，表示“打字”，所以 typewriter 应表示“打字员”。
【分析】而事实是：cook=厨师，cooker=炊具;typist=打字员，typewriter=打字机。即此题正确答案为B。
3. “Why couldn’t they meet us at five o’clock?” “Because they were delayed by ________.”
A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics
【陷阱】B、C、D三项均容易误选。
【分析】对于此题，首先要明确traffic为不可数名词，没有复数形式，故排除B和D。另外，汉语习惯说“交通拥挤”，而英语习惯上却不能用crowded 来修饰 traffic，要表示汉语的“交通拥挤”，英语通常说heavy traffic，即选A。如下面一题也是选A：
She is not a competent driver and can’t cope with driving in _______.
A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics
C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics
4. In fact， _______ one cause that leads to the problem.
A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are
【陷阱】此题容易误选A，想当然地认为cattle是单数，并且空格有表单数的one，自然谓语动词用is。
【陷阱】其实，正确答案为B。cattle(牲畜，牛)为集合名词，尽管它不带复数词尾-s，却永远表示复数意义，若用作主语，谓语要用复数。又如：
For this many cattle were killed. 为此宰了不少牲畜。
The prisoners were herded like cattle. 囚犯像牲口一样被赶到一起。
类似地，police(警察)，people(人)，police(警察)，poultry(家禽)等也具有同样用法，即只有单数形式，但却表示复数意义;用作主语时谓语通常也用复数;不与 a(n) 连用，但可与the连用(表示总括意义和特指)。如：
The poultry have been fed. 家禽已经喂过饲料了。
In Britain police do not usually carry guns. 在英国警察通常不带枪。
It annoys me when people forget to say “thank you”。 遇到有人忘记道谢的时候，我就不痛快。
5. By all _______， you must try every _______ to help him.
A. mean， mean B. means， means C. means， mean D. mean， means
【陷阱】误选C，认为第一空前有all修饰，故用means，而第二空前有every修饰，故用mean。
【分析】其实，means是一个单复数同形的名词，并且永远带有尾-s。换句话说，在表示“方式”、“方法”时，不存在mean这一形式(mean主要用作动词，表示“意思是”;也可用作名词，表示“中间”、“中庸”)。此题正确答案为C，by all means为习语，意为“一定”、“尽一切办法”。means用作主语时，其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较：
All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的办法都已经试过了。
Every possible means has been tried. 每种可能的办法都已经试过了。
若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数，其谓语则用单数或复数均可。如：
Is [Are] there any other means of getting more money? 还有其他什么办法可弄到更多钱吗?
6. Jim is ______ person， and everyone is willing to be ______ with him.
A. so kind a， friends B. so a kind， friends C. so kind a， friend D. so a kind， friend
【陷阱】误选C或D。认为 friend要用单数。
【分析】其实此题最佳答案为A。so kind a person相当于such a kind person，注意两者中冠词的位置不同。be friends with是习语，意为“与……友好”、“跟……做朋友”，与之同义的类似地还有make friends with。值得说明的是，这类短语中的名词总是用复数，即使句子主语为单数也是如此。如：
He is friends with me. 他与我是朋友。
He has made friends with everyone here. 他与这儿的每个人交上了朋友。
7. We already have ______ pencils， but we need two ______ pens.
A. dozen of， dozen B. dozens of， dozens C. dozens of， dozen D. dozens of， dozen of
【陷阱】误选 B。
【分析】此题最佳答案为C。关于dozen的复数是否加词尾-s的问题比较复杂，大致原则是：
(1) 当它与具体数字连用时，既不加复数词尾-s，也不后接介词of。尽管有的词书也有 two dozen of 这样的用例，但这已属过时用法，在考试中应避免，如1992年全国高考有一道单项选择题就认为two dozen of为错误选项：
Shortly after the accident， _____ police were sent to the spot to keep order.
A. dozens of B. dozens C. dozen of D. dozen [D]
(2) 当它不与具体数字连用，而是表示不确定的泛指数时，则不仅要加复数词尾-s，而且要后接介词 of，此时可将dozens of(许多，几十)视为习语。如：
I’ve been there dozens of times. 我去过那儿几十次。
She’s got dozens of boy-friends. 她的男朋友很多。
下面一例中的dozens加了复数词尾-s也属为似情况：
Pack them in dozens. 按打装袋吧。
(3) 当与 a few， several 等数目不很具体的词连用时，加不加复数词尾-s均可，但需注意：不加复数词尾-s时，其后的介词of可以省略;加词尾-s时，其后介词 of不能省略。如：
several dozen (of) pencils=several dozens of pencils几打铅笔
注：英语较少使用many dozen的说法，要表示类似意思可用dozens of。
(4) 当它后面的名词受 the， these， those 等特指限定词修饰时，或其后的接的是us， them这样的人称代词时，则此时必须用介词 of。如：
two dozen of these eggs 两打这种鸡蛋
three dozen of them 它们中的3打
注：score， hundred， thousand， million等也具有以上类似用法。
8. She raised her finger to her lips as _____ for silence.
A. an idea B. a mark C. a sign D. a word
【陷阱】容易误选B。
【分析】应选C，sign与mark的区别是：sign 的意思是“迹象”、“征兆”gesture or movement made with the hand， head， etc， used to give information， a command， etc(用手或头等做出示意动作以传递信息或命令等)，mark 的意思是 written or printed symbol or figure， line etc made as signor an indication of sth(书写与印刷的符号或图、线等记号)。
根据此二词的语义区别以及常识可知答案为C。类似地，下面两题的答案也是C：
(1) Those black clouds are a sure _____ that it’s going to rain.
A. thing B. mark C. sign D. one
(2) Just as a famous Chinese saying goes， a timely heavy snow is a ______ of good harvest next year.
A. mark B. track C. sign D. appearance
但是，下面一题却不能选sign，也不能选mark，而选symbol(象征)：
The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _____ of courage and power.
A. example B. sign
C. mark D. symbol
在近几年的高考中像这类结合词义区别以及语境和生活常识进行考查的试题经常出现，同学们需引起注意。
9. “May I take your order now?” “We’d like three black _______ and two green _______.”
A. coffee， cups of teas B. coffees， teas C. cups of coffee， tea D. cup of coffees， teas
【陷阱】误选C，认为coffee和tea均为不可数名词，不能后加复数词尾-s，从而排除选项A、B、D。
【分析】选B。有的同学认为 coffee 和tea是物质名词，不可数，不能用 three coffees， two teas 这样的表达。其实，coffee既可用作不可数名词，表示“咖啡”这种物质，也可用作可数名词，表示“一杯咖啡”，即在口语中 three coffees 就等于 three cups of coffee。同样，“三杯茶”既可说成 three cups of tea，也可说成 three teas;“三杯啤酒”既可说成 three glasses of beer，也可说成 three beers。
10. _____ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. Walk B. Walking
C. The walk D. To walk
【陷阱】容易误选A或D。
【分析】最佳答案为B。分析如下：
(1) 首先，选项D不如选项B佳，因为，不定式通常表示特定的动作，而动名词才表示习惯性的动作。
(2) 尽管walk用作名词时可以表示“散步”，但它是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的散步，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“散步”，要表示此义，要用动名词 walking。比较：
How about going for a walk? 出去散散步如何?
Walking does good to your health. 散步对你的健康有益。
类似地，dance 和 dancing 以及 swim 和 swimming 的区别也是一样：
(1) 名词的 dance表示“跳舞”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的跳舞，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“跳舞”，要表示后者的意思，要用动名词转化来的名词 dancing。比较：
Let’s have a dance. 我们跳曲舞吧。
He is interested in dancing. 他对跳舞感兴趣。
(2) 名词的 swim表示“游泳”，是可数名词，指的是一次一次的具体的游泳，而不表示抽象意义或泛指意义的“游泳”，要表示后者的意思，要用动名词转化来的名词 swimming。比较：
She had a swim every day. 她每天游一会儿泳。
She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. Ten years had passed. I found she had _______.
A. a few white hairs B. a little white hair
C. some white hair D. more fifty hair
2.—Hi， this way， please.
—OK.I sometimes have no sense of ______ when I arrive at the crossroad.
A. position B. direction
C. situation D. condition
3. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first ________.
A. intention B. attempt
C. purpose D. desire
4. I didn’t have to work all weekend — I did it by _______.
A. chance B. choice
C. accident D. myself
5. “Did you get _____ to the party?” “Yes， I replied to it this morning.”
A. an answer B. an invitation
C. a question D. a letter
6. I paid him ￡50 for the painting， but its true ______ must be at least ￡500.
A. price B. money
C. value D. importance
7. His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ______ of it.
A. explanation B. meaning
C. sense D. guess
8. You’ve just missed your ______， and you will have to wait for the next round.
A. chance B. turn
C. time D. part
9. —Li Lin is very bright and studies hard as well.
—It’s no ______ he always gets the first place in any examination.
A. question B. doubt
C. problem D. wonder
10. —How can I use this washing machine?
—Well， just refer to the _______.
A. explanations B. expressions
C. introductions D. directions
11. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that he forgot both of the ______.
A. rooms number B. room number
C. room’s numbers D. room numbers
12. —Hello， I’d like to speak to Henry.
—Oh， which _______? There are two ______ in our office.
A. Henrys， Henrys B. Henries， Henries
C. Henry， Henrys D. Henrys， Henries
13. Electricity， like other forms of ______， has greatly increased in price in recent years.
A. pressure B. force
C. strength D. energy
14. In order to learn the _______ of the family business， Bill took a job as messenger boy in one of the offices.
A. ins and outs B. dos and don’ts
C. heads and tails D. t’s and i’s
15. —I’ve got an “A” in the examination.
—That’s a good ______. You will surely win a second.
A. result B. news
C. start D. idea
【答案与解析】
1. 选A。hair 可用作可数或不可数名词，用作可数名词时，指一根一根的毛发或头发，如说 There’s a hair in my soup (我的汤里有根头发);用作不可数名词时，则是整体地指一个人的头发。
2. 选B。需根据句意来分析。have no sense of direction 意为“没有方向感”。
3. 选B。需根据句意来分析。attempt 在此表示“尝试”。
4. 选B，由于上文说 didn’t have to work，所以下文相应的语境应是 did it by choice。类似地，下面一题应选D，也是因为choice与下文的have to do it 相呼应：
Were you given a _____， or did you have to do it?
A. job B. duty
C. request D. choice
5. 选 B。注意其后的 to the party 和 replied to it。
6. 选C。value 指“价值”。
7. 选C。make sense of 意为“明白”、“理解”。比较：make sense 意为“有意义”、“意思清楚”、“有道理”。如下面一题选D：
What he told us about the situation simply doesn’t make any ______.
A. use B. reason
C. value D. sense
8. 选B。miss one’s turn 为“错过机会”，注意下文的 …have to wait for the next round 所表示的语境。
9. 选D。it’s no wonder (+that从句)的意思是“难怪”，也可说成 No wonder (+that从句)。
10. 选D。directions 的意思是“使用说明”，空格前的 refer to 意为“查看”、“参考”。
11. 选D。room 为无生命名词，不用 room’s 这样的所有格形式，在此可直接用名词作定语。类似地，下面一题要选B，也是一样的道理(名词作定语通常用单数不用复数)：
The boy was very happy that his mother bought him a new pair of shoes at a ______ yesterday.
A. shoes shop B. shoe shop C. shoes’s shop D. shoe’s
12. 选C。在通常情况下，专有名词具有“独一无二”性，因此它通常没有复数形式，即不可数。但是，专有名词的独一无二性有时是相对的，随着范围的扩大，这种独一无二性便会受到破坏。如在一个星期(week)内，只有一个星期六(Saturday)， 一个星期日(Sunday)等，但是在一个月中甚至一年中，便有多个星期六，多个星期日了。所以我们有时可以说：We have spent many happy Sundays there. 我们在那儿度过了许多个愉快的星期日。另外一点值得注意的是，与一般的名词单数变复数不同，以“辅音字母+y”结尾的专有名词，其直接加词尾-s，而不将y改为i。
13. 选D。从常识来考虑，electricity 属于 energy，结合全句的语境，只有D最合适。同样地，下面一题从常识和语境来考虑也应选D：
(1) Some countries are increasing their use of natural gas， and other forms of ______.
A. source B. material
C. power D. energy
(2) The ______ has become extremely tense. A war could break out any time between the two sides.
A. pollution B. friendship
C. condition D. situation
14. 选A。ins and outs 意为“细节”，dos and don’ts 意为“注意事项”，heads or tails 为掷钱币打赌时用语，意为“你赌正面还是赌反面”，p’s and q’s主要用于 mind one’s p’s and q’s，意为“留意自己的言行”。结合句意，选A最合适。
15. 选C。从语法上看，news 不可选，因为它不可数;从意义上看，D不可选，因为选D意思不通;比较A和C，选C最合适，因为 start与下文的 a second 相吻合。
代词考点
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. _____ with any common sense can tell the difference between the two.
A. Who B. Whoever
C. Anyone D. Who ever
【陷阱】容易误选B。
【分析】最佳答案为C。有的同学误选B主要是因为受以下这类句子的影响：
Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。
Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。
Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work. 谁要是得到这份工作就有很多事要做。
以上三句中 whoever 引导的均为主语从句，其中的 whoever均可换成 anyone who，但是不能换成 anyone。以上试题从表面上看，与以上各例很相似，其实它们有本质的不同，即 _____ with any common sense 中没有谓语动词，所以我们不能选 whoever。此题的正确答案为C，anyone 为句子主语，with any common sense 为修饰 anyone 的定语。现将此题稍作改动如下，答案选B：
_______ has any common sense can tell the difference between the two.
A. Who B. Whoever
C. Anyone D. Who ever
2. The dictionary is really useful. Every boy and girl _____ it and they each _____ to buy one.
A. like， want B. likes， wants
C. likes， want D. like， wants
【陷阱】容易误选D。认为前面一空填复数动词，因为其主语是 boy and girl，为复数;第二空填单数动词，因为其前有 each，表示“每一个”。
【分析】事实上，此题应选C。因为按英语习惯，every 后接两个并列的单数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数，即第一空填 likes;而第二空要填复数动词 want，是因为其前的主语是 they 而不是 each(each 为主语的同位语)。
3. Everyone knows that Canada is larger than _____ country in Asia.
A. any B. any other
C. other D. another
【陷阱】容易误选B。选择的依据是以下大家熟悉的句型(其中的 other 不可省略)：
He is taller than any other student in our class. 他是我们班最高的。
English is more widely used in international intercourse than any other language today. 现今英语在国际交往中比其他任何语言用得都广。
【分析】但是上面一题与这类句子有所不同。这类句型到底该不该加 other，主要应看所谈论的对象是否在比较的范围之内：若在范围之内，则用 other (以排除自己与自己比较);若不在范围之内，则不用 other。比较下面一题：
China is larger than _____ country in Asia.
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
此题应选B，因为 China 在 Asia 的范围之内。假若选A，则表示“中国比亚洲的任何国家都大”，而中国本身也是亚洲国家，由此则得出“中国比中国大”的荒谬结论。而选B，则表示“中国比亚洲任何其他国家要大”，这才合乎事实。
4. “What do you think of them?” “I don’t know _____ is better， so I’ve taken _____ of them.”
A. what， both B. what， none
C. which， both C. which， none
【陷阱】几个干扰均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案为C。做好此题的关键是要注意句中的 better 一词，由于better 用的是比较级，说明比较的对象应是两者，由此可推知第二空应填both;另一方面，由于所谈论的是两者，说明选择范围比较窄、比较明确，所以第一空应填 which。
. “Would you like a cup of coffee or a glass of beer?” “____ will do， but milk is _____ popular with me.”
A. Neither， not B. Both， more
C. Either， the most D. All， the most
【陷阱】很容易误选B，因为前文提到 coffee 和 beer 为两者，所以有的同学就认为应选 both 和 more 与之对应(more 为比较级，指两者比较)。
【分析】做对此题的关键是要注意到下文提到的 milk既不是 coffee 也不是 beer，而是除这两者外的第三者，故第二空应填 the most，即此题最佳答案为C。
6. I read about it in some book or other， does it matter _____ it was?
A. where B. what
C. how D. which
此题答案选D，主要与上文的some book or other (某一本书)这一语境有关，全句句意为：“我在某一本书上读到过它，是哪一本书这很重要吗?”请看类似试题：
(1) “Who told you?” “Oh， somebody or other， I’ve forgotten _____.”
A. what B. when
C. which D. who
此题最佳答案为D。句意为：“谁告诉你的?”“噢，有个人，我忘记是哪一个了。”
(2) Some of the students were late for the meeting， but I can’t remember _____.
A. what B. when
C. which D. whom
此题最佳答案为C。句意为“有些学生开会迟到了，但我不记得是哪些学生了”。
7. These trousers are dirty and wet — I’ll change into my _____.
A. another B. trousers
C. others D. other
【陷阱】容易误选A、B。
【分析】最佳答案为C。是从语法上看，another 后通常接单数名词，而不接trousers 这样的复数名词(若用 another pair 则可以);也不能选 trousers 是因为填它句子意思不通。最佳答案应选C，others 相当于 other trousers，其中的 other 与前面的 these 相对照。
8. Her lecture was hard to follow because she kept jumping from one subject to _____.
A. other B. the other
C. the others D. another
【陷阱】容易误选B。选择依据可能是one … the other …这一常用结构。
【分析】最佳答案为D。使用one … the other … 时，我们通常是针对两者而言的，即指“两者中的一个……，另一个……”;如果所谈论的情况不是针对两者而言的，而是针对多者而言的，那么我们就不宜在 one 后使用 the other，而考虑用 another。又如(答案均选D，即选 another)：
(1) Those cakes look delicious. Could I have _____ one?
A. other B. the other
C. the others D. another
(2) I have many such novels. I’ll bring _____ tomorrow.
A. other B. the other
C. the others D. another
(3) Saying is one thing and doing is _____.
A. other B. the other
C. the others D. another
比较以下各例：
(1) Shut ____ eye， Jim.
A. another B. some other
C. other D. the other
答案选D，因为人的眼睛只有两只，故用 one … the other … 结构。
(2) It’s sometimes hard to tell one twin from _____.
A. another B. some other
C. other D. the other
答案选D，twin 意为“孪生子之一”、“双胞胎之一”，即指两者之一，故用 one … the other … 这一结构。
9. There are four bedrooms， ______ with its own bathroom.
A. all B. each
C. every D. either
此题容易误选A，认为既然前面出现了 four bedrooms，故填 all 与之对应。其实，此题的最佳答案应为B，原因是空格后的隐藏信息 its，它表示空格处应填一个单数代词，但是不能选C，因为 every 不能这样单独使用。
10. “It’s said that he is a wise leader.” “Oh， no， he is _____ but a wise leader.”
A. anything B. anyone
C. anybody D. anywhere
【陷阱】容易误选B、C。因为句子主语指人，似乎只有B、C才与之一致。
高考英语语法考点：
名词和主谓一致高考英语语法贯穿在高考英语选择题、改错题、高考英语作文中，在进行阅读理解和完形填空时也用得到。可以说单词是英语学习的基础、语法是英语学习的架构。高考英语语法不难，总结起来也就十几点，在听课和做题中不断揣摩其中的规律，再反过来通过题目精炼。
I. 名词的种类
| 专有名词 | 普通名词 | |||
| 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 | 可数名词 | 不可数名词 | ||
| 个体名词 | 集体名词 | 抽象名词 | 物质名词
| |
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
| 例 句 | 意 义 | 名词性质 |
|---|---|---|
| ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower | 花儿 | 个体名词 |
| 开花 | 抽象名词 | |
| ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty | 青春 | 抽象名词 |
| 个体名词 | ||
| ①They have achieved remarkablesuccess in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. | 成功 | 抽象名词 |
| 成功的事 | 个体名词 |
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
| 例 句 | 意 义 | 名词性质 |
| ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. | 铁 | 物质名词 |
| 熨斗 | 个体名词 | |
| ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. | 玻璃 | 物质名词 |
| 玻璃杯 | 个体名词 | |
| ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to somechicken | 小鸡 | 个体名词 |
| 鸡肉 | 物质名词 |
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
| 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 | ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try |
| 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 | ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times |
| 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 | ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual |
II. 名词的数
规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es(参看有关语法书)。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表
| 规 则 | 例 词 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 | man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice | |
| 2 | 单复数相同 | sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species | |
| 3 | 只有复数形式 | ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents | |
| 4 | 一些集体名词总是用作复数 | people, police, cattle, staff | |
| 5 | 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） | audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party | |
| 6 | 复数形式表示特别含义 | customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) | |
| 7 | 表示“某国人” | 加-s | Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
| 单复数同形 | Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese | ||
| 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women | Englishmen, Frenchwomen | ||
| 8 | 合成名词 | 将主体名词变为复数 | sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
| 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 | grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches | ||
| 将两部分变为复数 | women singers, men servants | ||
III. 主谓一致
| 规则 | 情 况 | 举 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 语
法
一
致
原
则 | 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。 | His father is working on the farm. To study English well is not easy. Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. What he said is very important for us all. 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。 what I bought were three English books. What I say and do is (are) helpful for you. |
| 由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。. | Lucy and Lily are twins | |
| The writer and artist has come. | ||
| Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it. No boy and no girl likes it. | ||
| Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today? Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。 None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America. | ||
| 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。 | Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard. He is one of my friends who are working hard. He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard. | |
| 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 | It is I who am going to the cinema tonight. It is we who are going to the cinema tonight. | |
| 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 | The police are looking for the lost child. The cattle are eating grass in the field. His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人） Class four is on the third floor.（四班） Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生） | |
| 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。 | There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls. 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。 A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred. | |
| 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 | There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures. Such is the result. Such are the facts. Between the two hills stands a monument. | |
| 逻
辑
意
义
一
致
原
则 | What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。 | Which is your bag? Which are your bags? Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen? All can be done has been done. All is going well. All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing. |
| 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。 | Thirty minutes is enough for the work.. Twenty pounds is too dear. 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day. | |
| 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。 | The United States is smaller than China. “The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book. | |
| 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 | One and a half apples is left on the table. | |
| 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词， 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 | The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。 I don’t think physics is easy to study. | |
| trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。 | My glasses are broken. The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
| |
| “定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。 | The old are taken good care of there. The beautiful gives pleasure to all. | |
| 就 近 /远 一 致 原 则 | 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。 | Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither they nor he is wholly right. Is neither he nor they wholly right? |
| there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。 | There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room. | |
| 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。 | Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus. Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. She, like you and Tom, is very tall. The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
|
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