2017中考英语语法专题:名词

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  2017中考英语语法专题:名词

  1. 名词的数

  概述: 名词按其表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。

  可数名词及其单复数:可数名词有单复数变化,其前通常用不定冠词和数词来修饰,还可用many, few, a few, some, any, plenty of, lots of, a number of 等修饰。构成名词复数形式的方法分为规则法和不规则法两种。

  复数的规则构成法:绝大多数英语中的名词复数都是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。具体规则如下图:


  规则

 例词

一般情况下加-s

apple-apples, ruler-rulers

以s, x, ch,sh,结尾的加-es

bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes

以辅音字母加y结尾的,把y变成i再加-es

city-cities, county-countries

以f或fe结尾的,把f或fe变成v,再加-es

knife-knives, leaf-leaves

以o结尾的,有的词尾加-es,有的加-s

在初中英语范围内加-es的主要有以下4个:tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes

Hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes

  2) 复数的不规则构成法:

  a.单复同形的:Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish(表示鱼的数量)

  b. 熟记下列词的复数变化:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children

  c. 以man, woman做定语构成的复合名词,变复数时要全变:a man teacher-two men teachers; 其他情况一般只变主体名词而作定语的名词不变:a girl student-two girl students

  3. 不可数名词:不可数名词没有单复数。如:water, meat, air等。在表示数量时,通常用以下方法。

  1)用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等表示多少。

  There is little milk at home.

  The old man has lots of money.

  2) 若要表示不可数名词的数量,应用“数词+量词+of+名词”这种形式,若数字超过一,量词应用复数形式。如:a glass of water-two glasses of water, a piece of bread-two pieces of bread

  2. 专有名词:专有名词是表示特定的人,事物, 地点等,如:Tom, China, the United Kingdom. 专有名词的第一个字母一般大写,大部分专有名词前一般不用冠词。

  3. 名词的所有格:

  1. 概述:名词的所有格在句中是表示所有关系,作定语。

  2. 名词所有格的构成:名词所有格包括 –s所有格和of所有格两种形式。无生命的名词的所有格通常用of短语来表示所有关系。如:the name of the school, the window of the house等。–s所有格主要用于有生命的东西和表示时间,距离,国家等的名词后。构成方法如下:

  一般直接在名词后加’s. 如:Jim’s book

  复数名词的所有格,若以s/es结尾只加撇号,不以s/es结尾仍加’s。如:

  Children’s Day, the teachers’ office.

  3)“ and”连接的并列名词的所有格,表示两人“共有”只在后一个名词尾加’s; 表示“各自拥有”,两个名词尾都要加’s. 如:Jim and Lucy’s book(共有); Jane’s and Tom’s books(不共有)

  4)表示店铺或某人的家等处所时,常在名词的所有格后省去shop, house, home等。如:the barber’s, at my uncle’s

  5) 表示时间,距离,国家,城市的无生命名词,可以在词尾加’s或’表示所有格,如:today’s newspaper, five minutes’ walk.

  3. 双重所有格

  1)名词双重所有格的含义:of+名词所有格称为双重所有格,这种结构中,of前面是一部分,of后面是一个整体。

  例如:Mr Wang is a friend of my father's. (=Mr Wang is one of my father's friends.) 王先生 是我父亲的一个朋友.

  2)名词双重所有格的构成方法:

  a. of前面的名词前面通常有一个含泛指意义的限定词,如a, any, some, no, few, several以及two, three等。例如:

  Have you read any stories of Lei Feng's? 你看过雷锋的故事吗?

  They gave me some books of theirs. 他们把他们的一些书给了我。

  Three classmates of my sister's have found good jobs. 我姐姐的三个同学已经找到了好工作。

  b. 有时of前面的名词前面可以用指示代词this, that表示某种感情色彩。例如:

  That answer of Jim's was right. 吉姆的那个回答是对的。

  Something is wrong with this eye of mine. 我的这只眼睛出了毛病。

  c. of后面带有's的名词或名词性物主代词通常是特指的人。例如:

  That's a book of Lu Xun's. 这是鲁迅的一本书。

  This is a child of theirs. 那是他们的一个孩子。

  3)名词的双重所有格与“of + 名词”结构之间的区别:

  a.. 句子所表达的侧重点不同。试比较:

  He is a friend of my father's. (着重说明“父亲”的朋友不止一个)

  He is a friend of my father. (着重说明“他”是父亲的一个朋友)

  b. of前面是picture等词时,含义不同。试比较:

  This is a picture of my teacher's. 这是我老师收藏的一张照片。

  This is a picture of my teacher. 这是我老师的一张照片。

  实战演练(2×50)

  1. June 1st is ____ Day all over the world.

  A. Child’s B. Children’s C. Childrens’

  2. September 10th is ___ Day in China.

  A. Teacher’s B. Teachers’ C. Teacher

  3. This is _______ news.

  A. such a good B. a very good C. such good

  4.—What ______ it is!

  —Let’s go out to have a picnic.

  A. a fine weather B. fine day C. a fine day

  5. Tom and I go to school _____ every day.

  A. on feet B. on foot C. by foot

  6. –Are those _____?

  -No, they aren’t. They’re _____.

  A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cow

  7. A group of ____ are talking with two ___ over there.

  A. Frenchmen; Germans B. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; Frenchmen

  8. That doctor drank two _____.

  A. glass of water B. glasses of waters C. cups of tea

  9. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _______.

  A. Bob mother B. Bob’s mother’s C. mother of Bob

  10. The tall man with a big nose is _______ classmate.

  A. Tom and Carl B. Tom’s and Carl’s C. Tom and Carl’s

  11.In ____ time, there will be more tall buildings in our city.

  A. few year B. a few years’ C. a few year’s

  12. How many ___ do you want every month?

  A. milk B. water C. apples

  13. –Whose is this new bicycle?

  -It’s _____.

  A. Sue and Jim’s B . Sue and Jim C. Sue’s and Jim’s

  14. –Would you like _____tea?

  -No, thanks. I’ve drunk two __.

  A. any; bottles of orange B. a little; bottle of oranges C. some; bottles of orange

  15. –How many _____ do you want?

  -Two, please.

  A. kilos of egg B. kilo of eggs C. kilos of eggs

  16. The bus stop is two _____ from our house.

  A. hour’s drive B. hours’ drive C. hour-drive

  17. –Where are you going, Amy?-_______.

  A. To my uncle B. To my uncle’s C. At my uncle

  18. Have you read _____?

  A. a newspaper of today’s B. today newspaper C. today's newspaper

  19. Lucy put a lot of ____ in ____ of tea.

  A. sugar; the two cup B. sugars; the two cups C. sugar; the two cups

  20. Tomatoes, broccoli, and ____ are vegetables.

  A. bananas B. potatoes C. noodles

  21. –Help yourself to some _________.

  -Thank you. I really like them.

  A. fish B. orange C. cakes

  22. The little baby has two _______ already.

  A. tooth B. a tooth C. teeth

  23. We all had ______ last month. Did you travel to anywhere?

  A. three days’ holiday B. three day’s holiday C. three-days holiday

  24. When autumn comes, ______ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.

  A. leaf B. leave C. leaves

  25. Tomorrow I'm going to my________. It's a _________.

  A aunt...five minutes' walk B aunt's...five minute's walk

  C aunt's...five minutes' walk

  26. A computer is one of the greatest ________in this century.

  A inventors B inventions C invitations

  27. We haven't ________ homework to do today.

  A many B some C much

  28. Three hours________enough for a__________boy to read books.

  A is...ten-year-old B are...ten-year-old C is...ten-years-old

  29. _________that pair of new_________nice?

  A Is...shoe B Are...shoes C Is...shoes

  30.Mary, I've bought many_______. Now let's make the birthday cake.

  A fresh eggs B chocolate milk C food

  参考答案:

  1-5:BBCCB; 6-10:AACBC; 11-15: BCACC; 16-20:BBCCB; 21-25:CCACC;26-30:BCACA

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