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2021考研英语：独立主格结构的语法技巧
独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成。
独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语，分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语，有时还有其他修饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用，主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式(从句):独立主格结构加上连词，非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式，这样就成为从句了。
例如:
Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天，图书馆不开放。
(原因)改为从句:
As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.
例如:
There being no buses，we had to take a taxi. 没有汽车了，我们只好坐出租车了。
Because there were no buses, we had to take a taxi.
The signal given，the bus started.信号发出后，公共汽车就启动了。
(时间)改为从句:
After the signal was given, the bus started.
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。
The boy followed that man here，and climbed in，and had a sword in his hand.
The mid-term examination is over, the end-of-term examination to come two months later.期中考试结束了，两个月之后进行期末考试.
The mid-term examination is over, and the end-of-term examination is to come two months later.
Weather permitting, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.如果天气允许的话，我们就去参观长城。
If weather permits, we' 11 visit the Great Wall.
The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.少年跟那个人到这里，并爬了进来，手里拿着剑。(伴随状语)
上文例句中sword in hand是由“名词+介词短语”构成，表示伴随的情况。这种表示伴随情的独立主格结构，有时可以用with引出，二者的意思是一样的，with结构更加口语话，更加常用。
She left the office with tears in her eyes.她眼里含着泪水，离开了办公室。
The teacher walked into the classroom, with a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.老师胳膊底下挟着一把尺子，手里拿着几本书，走进了教室。
The teacher walked into the classroom. He was holding a ruler under his arm and some books in his hand.
Tian' anmen Square looks magnificent with all the lights on.华灯齐放，天安门广场显得美丽动人。
With the boy leading the way, we found his house with no difficulty.由这孩子领路，我们毫不费劲地找到他的家。
With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.有他给我们带头，我们对一定能搞好。
一、指出下列句子中的独立主格结构
1) My work having been finished, I went home.
---My work having been finished
2)The woman sat smiling, surrounded by her flowers, a faraway look in her eyes.
---A faraway look in her eyes
3) My watch having been lost, I didn' t know what time it was.
---My watch having been lost
4) He came into the room, his face red with cold.
--- his face red with cold
5) There an elderly patient was sitting in her wheelchair alone, head bowed, her back to most of the others.
--- Head bowed. her back to mast of the others
6) A man came in, his face hidden by an upturned coat collar and a cap pulled law over his brow.
--- His face hidden by an upturned…….
二、用独立主格结构改正下列句子
1) Being cold, he put on his overcoat.
---It being cold, …
2) Being no bus, we had to walk home.
--- There being no bus, ...
3) Getting colder, same birds are flying away to the south.
--- It getting colder, ...
4) Being ill, Mr. Li taught the lesson in place of Mr. Wang.
--- Mr. Wang being ill, Mr. Li taught..
5) Asia is the largest continent, being about 43 million square kilometer.
---…，its size (area) being about 43….
三、用独立主格结构将括号内的汉语译成英语填空
1)Bing Bing entered the room, _____ (手里拿着一个大苹果).
---- (with) a big apple in his hand.
2) _____(下课了)，the children ran out of the class room.
---The class being over
3) The little girl waited at the bus stop for a long time, _____(鼻子冻得通红).
---her nose red with cold
4) Here comes the Shanghai train, _____ (从福州来的火车)
---the Fuzhou train to come half an hour later.
5) He was doing his homework._____ (他的父亲坐在旁边)
6) ____(谁也没有什么可说的), the meeting was closed.
-----Nobody having any more to say.
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到2008年9月，北京将举行完了奥运会。
2021考研英语：动词不定式短语复习技巧
一、动词不定式短语的结构
动词不定式短语的主干是由 to + 动词原形构成，动词不定式短语内部的动词可以跟自己的宾语、状语、表语等成分。动词不定式短语整体上在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。
二、动词不定式短语在句子中的作用
(1)动词不定式短语做主语：
To master a language is not an easy thing。
掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。
It's my pleasure to help you。
帮助你是我的乐趣。
动词不定式做主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。
It's necessary to find the witness。
有必要找到目击者。
(2)动词不定式短语作宾语：
I like to help others as much as possible。
如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。
动词不定式短语作宾语补语：表示不定式的动作是由宾语发出。
We expect you to be with us.
我们希望你和我们在一起。
(3)动词+宾语+不带to的不定式作宾语补足语：感官动词：see, watch, notice, look at，hear;使役动词：make, let, have(使得)，help(可带to, 也可不带to)
The teacher has his students write a composition every other week。
老师让同学们每隔一周写一篇作文。
Many things【make people think artists are weird】。
很多事情使人们觉得艺术家们很奇怪。
(4)动词不定式短语作表语：
The most urgent thing is to take legal measures immediately。当务之急是马上采取法律措施。
(5)动词不定式短语作定语：
There are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。
(6)动词不定式短语作状语：经常表示目的。
We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower。
她在做试验，以从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。
三、动词不定式主干的否定形式
(1)not + to + 动词原形
The teacher told us not to swim in that river。
老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。
It's unfair not to tell us.
没告诉我们真是不公平。
(2)带疑问词的动词不定式短语：
疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why 以及whether可以加在动词不定式短语的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。整体上相当于一个名词短语。
Where to go is not known yet。
去什么地方还不知道。
I don't know when to begin.
我不知道什么时间开始。
(3)带逻辑主语的动词不定式短语：
为了特别说明动词不定式短语动作的发出者，动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。
注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。
It's necessary for us to help each other。
我们互相帮忙是必要的。
There is much work for me to finish,
有许多工作要我去完成。
四、动词不定式短语的时态
(1)动词不定式短语一般时态：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在之后发生。
I helped him to put the things into the car. 我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。
I want to see you again. 我想再见到你。
(2)动词不定式短语的完成时：表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。
2021考研英语：目的状语从句的用法解析
一、目的状语从句的用法
目的状语从句是状语从句的一种，该从句用来补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的。引导目的状语从句的连词或词组主要有so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest等。在目的状语从句中的一个特点是目的是未来的行为，所以要用表示未来表示可能性的行为，或者在谓语中常常含有一些情态动词，比如may, might, can, could, should, will, would, 下面我们就举几个简单的例子对其用法进行阐释。
Speak louder so that we can hear you.再大点声以便我们能够听清你。so that引导了一个目的状语从句，从句的主语是we, 谓语是can hear, 宾语是you;主句是Speak louder是个祈使句。你要大声说话，大声说的目的是为了我们能够听见你说。
We should get up early in order that we can catch the train.我们得早点起以便我们能赶上火车。in order that引导了一个目的状语从句，从句的主语是we, 谓语是can catch，宾语是the train;主句是We should get up early。我们得早点起，早点起的目的是为了我们能够赶上火车。
lest(以免;免得)，in case(以防)和 for fear that(生怕，唯恐)引导的目的状语从句中，要用虚拟语气，其谓语部分形式是“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。He is now studying hard in case /lest / for fear that he fail in the exam.他现在努力学习免得/以免/唯恐他的考试失败。乍一看，in case he fail in the exam这从句中的语法是错误的，因为he是第三人称单数，fail要么加s要么是过去式，事实上，这是虚拟语气，省略了should。
在考研英语基础知识这一块，从句是一大块，而其中的状语从句又是重中之重，这一系列的文章都会涉及状语从句类，希望整体上的梳理能够帮助大家对每一类从句都有个清楚的认识。以上是引导目的状语从句的一些连词，不需要记忆，关键要注意的地方是lest、in case、for fear that之后的虚拟语气。希望大家能够稳扎稳打，为后期强化冲刺做好准备!
在基础夯实阶段，考研英语复习需要做的是熟悉语法，只有语法有一定基础，后期对长难句解析才会不困难。今天老师就考研英语试题中的目的状语从句给大家进行讲解，希望大家对目的状语从句有个更深刻的认识。
句子一：They should be quick to respond letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.句子主句是They should be quick to respond letters to the editor，是个含有情态动词should的主系表句子;lest引导目的状语从句，从句主语是animal rights misinformation，谓语是并列的两个动词go和acquire，其中省略了should这一情态动词，其中go为系动词，后跟形容词unchallenged做表语，不被质疑。参考翻译：他们应该迅速回复给编辑的来信，以免动物权利的错误信息不受质疑以及获得貌似真理的骗人外衣。
句子二：In addition，the cameraman must have a knowledge of composition so that the arrangement of the people and objects in each shot will produce the desired effect.In addition介词短语做状语，主句是the cameraman must have a knowledge of composition，其中主语是the cameraman，谓语是must have，宾语是a knowledge of composition;so that引导目的状语从句，从句主语是the arrangement，谓语是will produce，宾语是effect。参考翻译：另外，摄影师必须具备合成知识，以便安排好每个镜头中的人和物来达到预期的效果。
句子三：The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them，remounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables.逗号前边的句子包含主从句，主句是The saddles are either further fixed，so that引导目的状语从句the cables may slide over them，remounted是和fixed并列的，省略了主语the saddles和谓语are，后边还有一个so that引导的目的状语从句。这句话中要注意代词所指代的对象，整句话是在说saddle与cable的固定关系，句子中有cable，那另一个对象是saddle。参考翻译：鞍座要么可以固定，这样钢缆可以在它上面滑动;要么可以安装在滚柱上，这样鞍座就会随钢缆的移动而移动。
分析每一个考研英语中的长难句，首先要找出其中的句子主干是关键，就像一棵大树的主干，再看其他分支具体是做什么成分，在分析具体成分时需要对于这些状语、定语、补语有所了解，试题也是对这些知识的理解与巩固。
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