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2021考研英语：精品词汇的辨析(1)
abnormal, uncommon
abnormal a.不正常的，反常的(但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。
His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常，高的时候达到40.5摄氏度。
uncommon a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况特别的，出色的。
Hurricanes are uncommon in England.飓风在英国非常罕见。
That is uncommon instant coffee it tastes great! 那速溶咖啡质量上乘，味道好极了!
abide, adhere, conform, comply
abide v.后接by表示 “遵守，同意”。
I will abide by the director' decision.我将遵从主任的决定。
adhere v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持粘附”也经常被考到。)
Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。
conform v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。
All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。
comply v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。
Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。
abstract, digest, outline, summary
这一组名词都有“要点，摘要”的意思。
abstract n.概要，摘要，尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。
I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他的书的概要。
digest n. (篇幅较长的)摘要，文摘，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。
Reader's Digest《读者文摘》
outline n.要点，大纲，概要
She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.
她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。
summary n.总结，摘要，指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文的风格。
absurd, ridiculous
这一组形容词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思。
absurd a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。
There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。
ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。
It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。
accent, tone, dialect
accent n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征重音。
He speaks English with a Spanish accent.他讲英语带有西班牙口音。
tone n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。
He speaks to his baby in soft tones.他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。
dialect n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。
the Yorkshire dialect约克郡方言 the Sichuan dialect四川方言
accommodate, afford, furnish
accommodate v.提供住宿、房间适应，迎合，迁就。
This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。
The company accommodated the customer's wish and sent the delivery overnight.公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。
afford v.负担，支付当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。
We can't afford that expensive sports car.我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。
The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.
从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。
furnish v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。
Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。
accomplishment, attainment, achievement
accomplishment n.成功，成就才艺，修养。
Climbing that high mountain was an accomplishment for the hikers.
对于登山运动员来说，爬上了那座山就是成功。
Being able to paint well is just one of her accomplishments.
画画得好只是她的许多才能之一。
attainment n.指学识和造诣(常用作复数)达到，到达。
a scholar of the highest attainments造诣极高的学者
achievement n.可指抽象的“成就”，或具体的“成绩”，与accomplishment是同义词。
acute, critical, crucial, urgent
acute a.剧烈的，严重的急性的(病)。
An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
critical a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量还指"批判性的，分析性的
It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.为了考好你必须用功学习，否则你会不及格的。
crucial a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
We have an urgent need for help we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
2021考研英语：备考长句的翻译
A full stop is used at the end of an idea or thought, and is an important rule in proper grammar. But text messages are changing the rules, as a new study finds digital messages ending with one aren’t sincere. The results suggest skipping punctuation altogether, as it indicates you are answering spontaneously and heartfelt.
句号用在一个意思或想法的结束处，这在语法中是一个重要的原则。但是短信的使用正在改变这些规则。新研究表明，带句号的短信显得不真诚。该研究认为，发信息时应该略去所有的标点符号，因为这样才显得你的回复自然、走心。
Binghamton University’s Harpur College observed 126 students, who read a series of messages displayed as texts on a screen or handwritten notes on loose-leaf paper, which were similar to notes students passed around before texting was available.
美国宾厄姆顿大学哈波学院对126名学生进行了试验，让他们阅读显示在屏幕上的短信或者写在活页上的便签(类似短信出现前，学生们传信息时常用的那种)。
In the 16 experimental exchanges, the sender’s message contained a statement followed by an invitation phrased as a question such as, ‘Dave gave me his extra ticket. Wanna come?’ The receiver then gave a one-word response like ‘Okay’, ‘Sure’, ‘Yeah’ or ‘Yup’. Half of the participants’ responses were with a full stop and the other half did not use it.
在这16组试验中，发送者发出去的短信含一个陈述句及一个问句邀请，比如，“戴夫把多出的一张票给我了，你去吗?”收信者给出一个词的回复，比如“好啊”、“当然可以”、“嗯”或者“好哒”。受试者中有一半人的回复以句号结尾，另一半则没有。
Based on the responses, text messages that ended with a full stop were rated less sincere than text messages that did not end with a period. The students who read the notes on the paper reported that full stop or not, they felt the message was sincere. These results suggest that punctuation can misconstrue or influence the meaning of text messages.
根据反馈，以句号结尾的短信被认为不如不带句号的真诚。而阅读便签的受试者则认为，不管有没有句号，内容都是一样的真诚。该结果表明，标点可以使短信的意思被曲解或受到影响。
The study concludes, ‘not so much that the period is used to convey a lack of sincerity in text messages, but that punctuation is one of the cues used by senders, and understood by receivers, to convey pragmatic and social information.’
研究总结道，“与其说句号使短信显得缺乏真诚，不如说标点是发送者使用、接受者所理解的线索之一，这种线索透露出实用的交流信息。”
‘Texting is lacking many of the social cues used in actual face-to-face conversations,’ said Celia Klin, associate professor of psychology and associate dean at Binghamton University’s Harpur College.
“短信中少了许多面对面交流才有的交流线索，”宾厄姆顿大学哈波学院副院长、心理学副教授西莉亚·科林如是说。
‘When speaking, people easily convey social and emotional information with eye gaze, facial expressions, tone of voice, pauses, and so on.’
“面对面讲话时，借助眼神、面部表情、语调、停顿等线索，人们能很容易传达出交流信息和情绪信息。”
‘People obviously can’t use these mechanisms when they are texting.’
“很明显，发短信时没有这些媒介。”
‘Thus, it makes sense that texters rely on what they have available to them -- emoticons, deliberate misspellings that mimic speech sounds and, according to our data, punctuation.’
“因此，发送方就需要依靠现有的东西––‘表情符号’、‘借用错别字拟声’以及我们刚刚过数据指出的‘标点符号’。”
Recently, Klin’s team conducted a follow-up study and found that text response with an exclamation mark is interpreted as more sincere.
近，科林的团队还进行了一个补充研究。研究发现，带有感叹号的回复被认为更真诚。
‘That’s not surprising, but it broadens our claim,’ said Klin.
科林说：“这一点并不奇怪，而且还进一步扩充了我们的研究成果。”
‘Punctuation is used and understood by texters to convey emotions and other social and pragmatic information.’
“发信息者用标点符号来表达感情和其他实用社交信息。”
‘Given that people are wonderfully adept at communicating complex and nuanced information in conversations, it’s not surprising that as texting evolves, people are finding ways to convey the same types of information in their texts.’
“鉴于人们非常擅于在聊天中传达复杂和微妙的信息，所以不难?，随着短信的发展，人们将会找到能在短信中传达以上信息的手段。”
2021考研英语：阅读重要短语的解析(10)
1.force…on把…强加给…
2.in the form of以…形式
3.be fortunate in幸运,有好运气
4.free of charge免费
5.be freed from免受,没有…
6.in front of在…前面in the front of在…前部
7.furnish…with (=supply)向…提供
8.in general (=in most cases, usually)通常
9.catch (or get) a glimpse of瞥见(强调结果) take a glance (or look) at看一眼(强调动作)
10.be good for对…有好处;对…有作用;be good at擅长于; be good to对…好
11.in good time (=early)早早地(做完.到达等)
12.for good (=for ever)永远地,长期地
13.take…for granted (=assume to be true)把…认为理所当然的.
14.be grateful to sb. for sth因…感谢某人
15.on the ground (s) fo (=because of)由于…
16.fall to the ground (计划.希望等)失败,落空
17.on one's guard (against)谨防,警惕;(be) on guard站岗
18.guard against (=defend, keep safe)警惕,防止guard…against警卫…防止
19.guess at猜,估计
20.by guess靠猜
21.be guilty of犯有…罪或过失
22.be in the habit of习惯于
23.break off (a habit)改掉(某种习惯)
24.break sb. of (a habit)使某人改掉(某习惯)
25.get (fall) into the habit of养成了…的习惯
26.come to a halt (=stop)停止;停住
27.at hand在手边,眼前(附近)
28.by hand用手工(做)
29.hand in glove (with)狼狈为*,密切合作
30.in hand 1)在手边2)(=under control)控制住
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