冠词
1.不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法; 定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法; 2.考查冠词在固定搭配中的用法 ，包括零冠词(即不用冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法 ;
3.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法 ;
4.考查冠词在比较级前的用法 ;
5.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法 ;
6.考查用不用冠词意义大不相同的短语 。
名词和主谓一致
1.对名词的可数与不可数性的考查：
①最常见的形式是主谓一致的考查;分数和百分数作主语、数量词作主语仍将是考查重点(as well as; together with; along with; not only…but also…; rather than; neither…nor…; either…or…; the number of与a number of等要特别关注);
②有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义;
③有些名词通常用作不可数名词;
④有些名词用作不可数名词时，表示抽象概念，与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表示个体事物;
⑤有些名词，既可以作可数名词，也可以用作不可数名词，但意思不一样;
⑥某些集体名词，如果把它们所表示的人或事物当作整体来看待，谓语动词用单数形式;如果把它们表示的人或事物当作若干个体来看，谓语动词用复数形式。
2.对名词词义及词义辨析的考查;
3.对名词与介词固定搭配的考查;
4.对名词句法功能的考查：重在考查名词作定语的用法。
【知识点归纳】
(一)冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)，定冠词(the)，和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法
1.指一类人或事，相当于a kind of
A plane is a machine that can fly.
2.第一次提及某人某物，非特指
A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。
3.表示“每一”相当于every，one
We study eight hours a day.
4.表示“相同”相当于the same
We are nearly of an age.
5.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
—Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here.
A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.(活雷锋)
6.用于固定词组中
a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time
7.用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后
This room is rather a big one.
8.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.
9.用于抽象名词具体化的名词前
success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事
a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事
a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的东西
a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识
10.与序数词连用，表示“又一，再一”。
In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language.
为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习另外一门外语。
II.定冠词的用法
1.表示某一类人或物
In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation.
A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the
2.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean
3.表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Would you mind opening the door?
4.用于演奏乐器
play the violin, play the guitar
5.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
the reach, the living, the wounded
6.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”(对比上文的不定冠词用法5)
—Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please?
—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village.
A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /
7.用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
He is the taller of the two children.
8.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前
the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French
9.用于表示发明物的单数名词前
The compass was invented in China.
10.在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代
in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代)
11.用于表示度量单位的名词前
I hired the car by the hour.
12.用于方位名词，身体部位名词
He patted me on the shoulder.
13.与比较级和最高级连用
①比较级+ and +比较级"表示"越来越……
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
②表示两者间“较……的一个”比较级前加the。
who is the older of the tow boys?
③三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.
III.不用冠词(又名零冠词)的情况
1.专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前
Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air
2.名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制
I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?
3.季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前
March, Sunday, National Day, spring
4.表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
Lincoln was made President of America.
5.表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前
He likes playing football/chess.
6.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前
We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent.
A. the; the B.不填;the C. the; 不填 D. 不填;不填
7.以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night
8.表示泛指的复数名词前
Horses are useful animals.
（二）名词和主谓一致
I.名词的分类及相互转换
| 专有名词 | 普通名词 | |||
| 国名地名人名， 团体机构名称 | 可数名词 | 不可数名词 | ||
| 个体名词 | 集体名词 | 抽象名词 | 物质名词 | |
特别注意名词类别的相互转换
个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换
| 例 句 | 意 义 | 名词性质 |
| ①She held some flowers in her hand. ②The trees are now in flower | 花儿 | 个体名词 |
| 开花 | 抽象名词 | |
| ①Youth is beautiful. ②He is a youth of twenty | 青春 | 抽象名词 |
| 年轻人 | 个体名词 | |
| ①They have achieved remarkable success in their work. ②—How about the Christmas evening party? —I should say it was a success. | 成功 | 抽象名词 |
| 成功的事 | 个体名词 |
物质名词与个体名词的相互转换
| 例 句 | 意 义 | 名词性质 |
| ①Iron is a kind of metal. ②Please lend me your iron. | 铁 | 物质名词 |
| 熨斗 | 个体名词 | |
| ①He broke a piece of glass. ②He broke a glass. | 玻璃 | 物质名词 |
| 玻璃杯 | 个体名词 | |
| ①I bought a chicken this morning ②Please help yourself to some chicken | 小鸡 | 个体名词 |
| 鸡肉 | 物质名词 |
抽象名词与个体名词的转换
| 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作 | ①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please. —Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the ③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词） A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发) /make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try |
| 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分 | ①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today. A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况) give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识) have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ②If there were no examination, we should have______at school. A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ③ is money. A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times |
| 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 | ①Oh, John. _____you gave me! A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ②She looked up when I shouted. A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual |
II.名词的数
1.规则变化
①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy — boys, pen — pens。
②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。
glass — glasses(box, watch, brush)
特例：stomach — stomachs
③以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：
baby—babies lady —ladies
注意：penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同：pence(便士的钱数)，pennies(便士的枚数)
④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。
tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes。
下列名词的复数只加-s。
radios,zoos,photos,pianos,kilos,tobaccos
⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。
wife—wives self — selves
特例：handkerchief—handkerchiefs(roof /chief )
gulf—gulfs
belief—beliefs
注意：
①有些名词的复数有其特殊的意义：
papers报纸，文件考卷 manners礼貌、习俗 goods货物 works工厂、作品、著作
looks容貌,外表 glasses眼镜，杯子 greens青菜 times时代，次数、倍数
sands沙滩，沙地 irons脚镣，手铐,熨斗 spirits酒精，情绪 customs海关
letters文学 forces军队 riches财富 wishes祝愿
airs气派，架子,姿态 arms军火 damages赔偿金 compasses圆规
waters水域 woods树林 goods货物 manners礼貌
greens青菜 ruins废墟
give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯 have words with sb. 同某人吵架
②物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。
some coffee一些咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 three coffees三杯咖啡
some drink一些饮料 a drink一杯饮料 three drinks三杯饮料
his hair他的头发 a few grey hairs几根白发
③用定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示其全家人，或是其夫妇二人。姓氏复数前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓……的人
The Wangs are our good neighbors.王家是我们的好邻居
There are three Smiths in our group.我们小组有三个姓smith的。
2.不规则变化
①改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
特例：child-children
②单复数相同
sheep, deer, means, works
③合成名词
▲将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
▲无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
▲将两部分都变为复数
women singers, men servants
III.名词的所有格
1.名词的所有格的构成方法
①名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词，如果该名词为单数，在词尾上加上“’s”，即构成其所有格。“’s”含有“的”字之意。如：Tom’s bike。以“s”结尾的专有名词，在词尾可加“’s”“或 “’”，构成其所有格。如：Engles’s或(Engles’) works
②以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“’ ”构成其所有格，如：a works’ school建筑工程学校
③不以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“’s ”构成其所有格， 如：Women’s Day
④复合名词在末一个词的词尾上加“’s”构成其所有格，如：the editor-in-chief’s office总编辑室
2.名词的所有格特殊用法
一般情况下名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。
但要特别注意下列情况：
①如果一个事物为两个人所有，在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”如果不是共有，在两个名词的词尾都要加“’s”。
如：Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和麦克的房间(共有);
Tom’s and Mike’s books汤姆的书和麦克的书(不共有)。
②表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop;house或home等词。
如：the tailor’s成衣店;the barber’s理发店;at my aunt’s在我姑姑家。
③表示无生命的名词，一般用of短语来表示所有关系，该短语位于其修饰的名词之后。
如：the teachers of our school.
但表示时间﹑距离﹑国家﹑城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格。
如：today’s papers, ten minutes’ walk。
拟人代名词的所有格用“’s”。
如：Nature’s works(大自然的杰作)，Heaven’s will(天意)，Fortune’s favorite(幸运的宠儿)
④表示有生命的名词也可以用of短语表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时，就只能用of短语
来表示所有关系。
如：the teacher of the boys who are playing football on the playground.
⑤of短语+所有格的用法：在表示所属物的名词前如有不定冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用of
短语+所有格这一结构表示所属关系，如：an old friend of my uncle’s
注：在无上下文的单句中，用双重所有格(of短语加所有格)或用of短语表示 所有关系都可以，只
是侧重点不同
如：He is an old friend of my uncle着重说明的是“我叔叔的”老朋友，不是别人的。
He is an old friend of my uncle’s着重说明的是我叔叔有好几位老朋友，他只是其中的一位。
要注意的是双重所有格应是独立的，即其后不再接名词， 如果接名词则显得十分不自然
如：One of my friends’ house was burned down last night.(显得不自然)
The house of one of my friends was burned down last night.(显得自然通顺)
⑥其他情况：
在某些固定词组或习惯用法中的所有格不可随意推断其意思
at arm’s length保持一定距离 at his finger’s ends对某事熟知
within a stone’s throw离得很近 out of harm’s way安全的地方
IV.名词做定语
1.表示用什么原料
stone figures(石像)，castor oil(蓖麻油)，silk books(丝绸书)，paper money(纸币)，metal pots(金属锅)，plastic sheets(塑料布)，diamond necklace(钻石项链)，gold medals(金牌)
2.表示存在或发生的地方
country music(乡村音乐)，forest land(森林土层)，post office(邮政局)，school education(学校教育)，palace ball(宫庭舞会)，space satellites(太空卫星)，tabke cloth(桌布)，street lights(街灯)，nature park(天然公园)，government office(政府机关)
3.表示部分与整体的关系
river banks(河岸)，cabbage seed(卷心菜种子)，animal bones(动物骨头)，cigarette ends(烟头)，ocean floor(洋
底)，school gate(校门口)，overcoat pockets(大衣口袋)，table legs(桌脚)，tree branches(树枝)
如果谈到某特定的东西时，我们要用of结构来表示：
the windows of the classroom
4.表示用途性质
coffee cups(咖啡杯)，book stores(书店)，sports shoes(运动鞋)，food factory(食品工厂)，women
police officers(女警官)，design office(设计工作室)，fruit trees(水果树)，traffic lights(交通灯)，
bell rope(铃绳)
5.说明后一名词的内容
forest programmes(森林规划)，weight problems(体重问题)，science lab(科学实验室)，
computer studies(电脑学习)，weather report(天气报)，film industry(电影工业)，
wildlife project(野生动物工程)，China Daily(中国日报)，body language(体语言)
6.表示泛指的时间名词
summer holidays(暑假)，winter weather(冬天的天气)，time zone(时区)，evening dress(晚礼服)，
morning paper(晨报)，Sunday edition(星期日版)，rooster year stamp(鸡年邮票)，night school(夜校)
但表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结构来表达。
如：yesterday’s news(昨天的消息)，an hour’s drive(开车一小时的路程)
注：名词作定语时，一般用单数形式，但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。
如：sports meet(运动会)，the United States government(美国政府)，students reading-room(学生阅览室)，goods train(货车)，two men doctors(两个男医生)
注意：a-seven-year-old child中的year不能用复数形式
V.主谓一致
1.语法一致原则
①以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。
His father is working on the farm.
To study English well is not easy.
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
What he said is very important for us all.
由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
what I bought were three English books.
What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.
②由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。
The writer and artist has come.
Every student and every teach is in the classroom.
Many a boy and many a girl likes it.
No boy and no girl likes it.
Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?
Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter
若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。
None of the sugar was left.
None of us has (have) been to America.
③在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.
④在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致。
It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.
It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.
⑤如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式; 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式。
The police are looking for the lost child.
The cattle are eating grass in the field.
His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)
His family are watching TV.(他的家人)
Class four is on the third floor.(四班)
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.(四班的学生)
⑥由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
There are a lot of people in the classroom.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
50 percent of the students in our class are girls.
此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法(用复数)，但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定(用单数)。
A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.
The number of pages in this book is three hundred.
⑦在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致
There comes the bus.
On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the result.
Such are the facts.
Between the two hills stands a monument.
2.逻辑意义一致原则
①What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。
Which is your bag? Which are your bags?
Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?
All can be done has been done. All is going well.
All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.
②表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。
Thirty minutes is enough for the work..
Twenty pounds is too dear.
如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式
Forty kilos of water are used every day.
③若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
The United States is smaller than China.
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
④表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table.
⑤一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，
它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。
I don’t think physics is easy to study.
⑥trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of等量词修饰时(clothes被a suit of 修饰)谓语动词用单数。
My glasses are broken.
The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
⑦“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。
The old are taken good care of there.
The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
3.就近(远)一致原则
①当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。
Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
Neither he nor they are wholly right.
Neither they nor he is wholly right.
Is neither he nor they wholly right?
②there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
③主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。
Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
A woman with a baby was on the bus.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.
She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.
No one except my teachers knows anything about it.
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