tpo阅读

　　TPO阅读部分是一个非常好的语料库，虽然里面的内容大都是科普类的，可能很难直接搬到我们的作文中，但是论证所需的词、短语、句式、乃至结构都是完全可以搬到我们的写作中来的，那么今天就和出国留学网的小编一起来看看TPO阅读有哪些经典语句适合做托福开头？

　　原文材料

　　These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image， which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity， perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south， in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. [TPO 8-3-4]

　　这些观点仍然存在争议。支持者们指出照片里显示的台地“海滩”可能是由湖泊或者海洋蒸发干涸之后或者海退之后形成的。但是反对者认为这些台地也可能是由于地质活动造成的，也许与使得北半球比南半球地势更低的地质力有关。在这种情况下，它们就和火星水系没有任何关系。

　　参考句式

　　The issue whether [转述题目] remains controversial. Proponents point to the benefits of A such as a1 and a2. But detractors maintain that its advantages pale in comparison to the drawbacks.

　　X 这个问题依然存在争议。支持者提出 A 的好处，比如 a1， a2。然而，反对者坚持认为 A 的好处和坏处相比不值得一提。

　　这个经典的句式可以作为开头的争议部分。我们只需要在后面加一个表明立场的话就可以了。如果有兴趣前面也可以搞个背景。

　　参考练习

　　The issue whether governments should place economic development high on their list of priorities remains controversial. Proponents point to the benefits of a strong economy such as higher standard of living and lower unemployment rate. But detractors maintain tha...

　　对于准备考托福的同学们来说，不知道准备得怎么样呢？今天就和出国留学网的小编一起来看看TPO阅读TPO1-3 Timberline如何用于托福写作？

　　素材原文

　　There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow， for example， can smother trees， and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees， as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role， while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature， for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low， tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.

　　目前还没有一个普遍认同的解释来说明为什么会在树带界线上出现树木停止生长这种戏剧化的现象。多种环境因素都起到作用，例如，积雪过多会让树木透不过气，雪崩和雪移能摧毁树木；长时间积雪缩短了有效生长季节的时间，树苗无法生长；另外，风速会随着海拔的升高而增加，增加树木承受的压力，很明显，正是这种风速带来的压力导致树木在高纬度地区发生变形。一些科学家提出，随着海拔的上升而不断增强的紫外线、野生山羊等动物的放养，都是导致树带界线形成的因素。或许最重要的环境因素是温度，因为如果生长季节太短并且气温太低，树芽和树苗都无法充分地成长而存活过冬季。

　　素材结构

　　There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why 给出问题. V...

　　对于准备考托福的同学来说，不知道准备得怎么样呢？今天就和出国留学网的小编一起来看看TPO阅读中有哪些托福写作可以借鉴的表原因的表达？

　　说理在写作中必不可少，而因果逻辑关系又是说理中不可或缺的。我们一直强调托福各单项的备考不是孤立的，托福阅读中的很多内容可以有效帮助我们提升托福写作，下面小站君汇总了 TPO 中常用的表示原因的一些表达，防止大家一个 because 一用到底。大家有几个替换就行，不用搞的太多，多了也记不住。记得时候最好以句子为单位来记，效率高一些。另外托福写作水平的提升重在练习，因此除了识记大家还需要注意合理仿写应用。

　　result from

　　In general， it is believed that these two extinctions resulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions. [TPO 15-2-1]

　　总体来说，这两次灭绝被认为是陨石撞击或者大规模的火山爆发导致的剧烈的环境变化造成的。

　　In general， it is believed that X results from A.

　　result primarily or mainly or largely from

　　The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading；

　　独立行会不断增加，是因为剩余价值的产生并非由于国内生产，而是主要来自于国际间的贸易活动。

　　X is not a result of A but results primarily from B.

　　one of the most likely causes for

　　Evidence points to hunting by humans and habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction. [TPO 15-2-3]

　　但有证据指出，人类狩猎以及破坏栖息地很可能是当前大规模物种灭绝的原因。

　　Sb. points to A and B as the likely causes of X.

　　the explanation may be that

　　The explanation may be that the terrestrial planets were once much larger and richer in these materials but eventually lost them because of these bodies’ relative closeness to the Sun， which meant that thei...

　　托福写作对于语言贫乏的同学们来说，是一个大难题，那么今天就和出国留学网的小编一起来看看托福TPO阅读的句型如何应用到托福写作中？

　　下面我们来看一个出现在托福阅读TPO1中的句式：

　　原句

　　In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life， the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial.

　　在这样一个低温限制生命的地区，地表提供的额外温度是至关重要的。

　　这个句子我们可以进行有效改写，拆解成如下高分模版句式：

　　In an area where …， the importance of … is crucial.

　　第一个空填上某地区的特点，然后第二个空填上结合这个特点必须做出的选择。类似的句式可以有：

　　In an old man or In a young man who …， the importance of … is crucial.

　　第一个空填上该年龄分类的特点，第二个空填针对该特点得出某个东西比较重要；比如对于经历充沛的年轻人来说，尝试新鲜事物更重要；再比如对于非常孤独的老年人来说，家人的陪伴是非常重要的。

　　最后我们来看一下这个句型的具体应用：

　　在一个很多居民依旧挣扎在贫困线的地区，集中精力在实际问题上是非常重要的。

　　In an area where its residents are still struggling with poverty， the importance of concentrating on practical problems is crucial

　　对于一个逐渐失去活力的老年人来说，定期锻炼是极其重要的。

　　In an old man who gradually loses energy， the importance of regular exercises is crucial.

　　推荐阅读：

　　高分托福写作参考句型

　　托福TPO是考生备考托福的必备材料。想要提高托福阅读能力，很多考生会选择托福TPO作为练习材料。而TPO阅读中常常出现长难句，解析困难，成为阅读障碍。在此，出国留学网小编为大家整理了托福TPO1-26中的阅读长难句，阅读能力较高的同学，可以借此机会测试一下自己的真实能力。

　　TPO1：Groundwater

　　1. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever asediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land,dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositingthe sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.

　　2. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, thedeposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inlandat some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimesthousands of meters thick.

　　3. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bedof a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s uppersurface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars,will be saturated with groundwater.

　　4. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged withcementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved bypercolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any timeafterwards.

　　5. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease withwhich water...

　　下面是一篇托福TPO阅读模拟题，这篇托福阅读模拟题的主要内容是关于陨石撞击和恐龙灭绝的相关信息，恐龙的灭绝有各种各样的说法，陨石是一个非常流行的说法，那么这种说法的具体描述什么样子的呢?下面是详细内容。

　　There is increasing evidence that the impacts of meteorites have had important effects on Earth, particularly in the field of biological evolution. Such impacts continue to pose a natural hazard to life on Earth. Twice in the twentieth century, large meteorite objects are known to have collided with Earth.

　　If an impact is large enough, it can disturb the environment of the entire Earth and cause an ecological catastrophe. The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history. This break in Earth's history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct. While there are a dozen or more mass extinctions in the geological record, the Cretaceous mass extinction has always intrigued paleontologists because it marks the end of the age of the dinosaurs. For tens of millions of years, those great creatures had flourished. Then, suddenly, they disappeared.

　　The body that impacted Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period was a meteorite with a mass of more than a trillion tons and a diameter of at least 10 kilometers. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact. This sediment layer is enriched in the rare metal iridium and othe...