东汉的中央政府组成沿用西汉制度,以三公领九卿为基本架构。但是实际政治权力已经完全转移到尚书台。东汉皇帝即位,往往以太傅或太尉录尚书事,总领政务。御史台体制贬损,成为少府属官。侍中从西汉的加官转为正式职务,设侍中寺作为侍中的正式官署,隶属少府。
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东汉的中央政府组成沿用西汉制度,以三公领九卿为基本架构。但是实际政治权力已经完全转移到尚书台。东汉皇帝即位,往往以太傅或太尉录尚书事,总领政务。御史台体制贬损,成为少府属官。侍中从西汉的加官转为正式职务,设侍中寺作为侍中的正式官署,隶属少府。
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击败漠北匈奴,重置西域都护---东汉征伐北匈奴
东汉初年,当汉光武帝刘秀进行国内统一战争时,匈奴的势力有所发展。建武二年(公元26),渔阳太守彭宠反对刘秀,曾结匈奴为援。割据三水(今宁夏同心境)的卢芳在匈奴的支持下占据北边诸郡,同匈奴一起经常向南寇扰。光武帝也曾遣使与匈奴修好,但是没有取得结果,以后东汉派吴汉率军抗击匈奴,也经岁无功而返。统一战争结束后,卢芳于建武十四年逃入匈奴,东汉为了避免边境冲突,罢省定襄郡(治今山西右玉南),徙其民于西河(治今山西离石);徙雁门(治今山西朔县东南)、代(治今山西阳高)、上谷(治今河北怀来东南)等郡吏民六万余口于居庸、常山以东。这样,匈奴左部就得以转居塞内。建武二十年,匈奴一度进至上党、扶风、天水等郡,成为东汉王朝严重的威胁。
正在这时,匈奴人遇到连年的旱蝗,赤地数千里,人畜死耗很大。东面的乌桓乘机进击,迫使匈奴北徙。接着,匈奴贵族中又发生了争夺统治权的内讧。建武二十四年,匈奴日逐王比被南边八部拥立为南单于,他袭用其祖父呼韩邪单于的称号,率部众到五原塞,请求内附,得到东汉的允许。从此以后,匈奴分裂为南北两部。建武二十六年,南单于入居云中,不久又转驻西河郡的美稷,分屯部众于边境各郡,助汉戍守。东汉王朝常以财物、粮食、布帛、牛羊等赠给南匈奴,供给之费,每年达一亿钱以上。南匈奴同东汉和平相处,边境安宁,原来内徙的边郡居民,也多陆续回归本郡。和帝初年,南匈奴领有三万四千户,二十三万多口,包括军队五万人。南匈奴人逐步转向定居和农耕生活,并且逐渐向东向南迁徙。
北匈奴离汉边较远。他们控制着西域,常常侵扰河西和北方郡县,掳掠南匈奴人和汉人。东汉王朝为了避免这种侵扰,答应与北匈奴“合市”,一些南匈奴贵族因此对东汉发生怀疑,他们同北匈奴贵族暗中联络,准备共同反对东汉王朝。东汉为了隔绝南、北匈奴的交通,设置度辽将军,统度辽营,屯兵于五原曼柏(今内蒙古达拉特旗东南)。章帝时,北匈奴贵族驱牛马到武威与汉人“合市”,得到郡县的隆重款待和东汉王朝的馈赠。
北匈奴受到北面的丁零、东面的鲜卑、东南面的南匈奴的夹攻,又受到西域许多国家的反击,势力薄弱,部众离散,大批地向东汉投降。东汉王朝为了保障河西四郡的安全,并相机恢复同西域的交通,发动了对北匈奴的进攻。
明帝永平十六年(公元73),汉军四路出击:祭彤(或作肜)、吴棠出高阙塞,窦固、耿忠出酒泉塞,耿秉、秦彭出居延塞,来苗、文穆出平城塞。窦固、耿忠的军队追击北匈奴至天山和蒲类海(今新疆巴里坤湖),夺得伊吾(今新疆哈密西),在那里置宜禾都尉,留吏士屯田。和帝永元元年(公元89),窦宪、耿秉率师出击北匈奴,北匈奴降者二十余万人。汉军出塞三千余里,直至燕然山(今蒙古杭爱山),命班固刻石而还。
窦固、耿忠所占伊吾,是西域东部门户,宜于种植五谷桑麻葡萄;其西面的柳中,也是膏腴之地。所以这一带是东汉与匈奴争夺西域的关键。永平十七年,东汉恢复了西域都护,以陈睦充任,并以耿恭、关宠为戊己校尉,分驻车师后王部和前王部。窦固占领伊吾后,派假司马班超率吏士三十六人,出使西域南道各国,争取它们同东汉一起抗拒匈奴。那时西域各国的一部分贵族,希望摆脱匈奴的野蛮统治,终止各国之间的纠纷,所以愿意帮助班超。也有一部分贵族受匈奴挟持,凭借匈奴势力,与班超为敌。班超先到鄯善。他夜率吏士烧匈奴使者营幕,杀匈奴使者,控制鄯善。接着班超西至于阗,迫使于阗王杀匈奴使者,归服汉朝。永平十七年班超前往西域西端,遣人...
东汉在全国设十三州,一州所辖郡、国多少不等。"州"是监察区的名,又称部。每州设刺史或州牧一人,巡察所属郡、国,督察郡、县官吏和地方豪强,纠举不法,弹劾污吏。东汉灵帝中平五年,选朝廷重臣出任州牧。从此,州逐渐变成行政区,州牧也成为常设的一方军政长官。
1. 司隶,又称司隶校尉部。辖郡七,县一百零六。治所在洛阳县。洛阳故城址在今河南洛阳东北。司隶州的辖境相当于今河北南部、河南北部、山西南部及陕西渭河平原。主要群郡城有河南、河内 河东、弘农。
2. 豫州辖郡、国六,县九十七。治所谯县,在今安徽亳州。辖境相当于今淮河以北伏牛山以东的河南东部,安徽北部。主要郡城有颍川、汝南、梁国、沛国、陈国。
3. 冀州辖郡、国九,县一百。治所邺县,在今河北临漳西南。三国曹魏移治信都县,在今河北冀县。辖地相当于今河北中部和南部、山东西部、河南北部。主要郡城有魏郡、钜鹿、常山、中山、安平、河间、清河、赵国、勃海。
4. 兖州辖郡、国八,县八十。治所昌邑县,在今山东金乡西北。辖境相当于今山东西南及河南东部。主要郡城有陈留、东郡、东平、任城、泰山、济北、山阳 、济阴。
5. 徐州辖郡、国五,县六十二。治所郯县,在今山东郯城县。汉末移治下邳,在今江苏邳县东。三国曹魏移治彭城,即今江苏徐州。辖境相当于今江苏长江以北及山东南部地区。 主要郡城有东海、琅邪、彭城、广陵、下邳。
6. 青州辖郡、国十一,县六十五。治所临淄县,故城址在今山东淄博市临淄北。辖境相当于今山东临淄以东的北部地区。主要郡城有济南、平原、乐安、北海、东莱、齐国。
7. 荆州辖郡七,县一百一十七。治所汉寿县,在今湖南汉寿县北。汉末移治襄阳县,在今湖北襄樊市。辖境相当于今湖北、湖南大部,及河南、贵州、广东、广西等省的一小部分。主要郡城有南阳、南郡、江夏、零陵、桂阳、武陵、长沙
8. 扬州辖郡、国六,县九十二。治所历阳,在今安徽和县。汉末移治寿春,在今安徽寿县。辖境相当于今安徽淮河和江苏长江以南及江西、浙江、福建三省,湖北东部、河南东南部。主要郡城有九江、丹阳、庐江、会稽、吴郡、豫章。
9. 益州辖郡、国十二,县一百一十八。治所雒县,在今四川广汉。汉末移治成都,在今四川成都。辖境相当于今四川、云南、贵州大部,及陕西、甘肃、湖北的一小部分。主要郡城有汉中、巴郡、广汉、蜀郡、犍为、牂牁、越巂、益州永昌、广汉属国、蜀郡属国、犍为属国。
10. 凉州辖郡、国十二,县九十八。治所陇县,在今甘肃张家川回族自治县。三国营魏移治姑臧县,在今甘肃武威县。辖境相当于今甘肃、宁夏回族自治区和青海湟水流域,及陕西西部。 主要郡城有陇西、汉阳、武都、金城、安定、北地、武威、张掖、酒泉、敦煌、张掖属国、居延属国。
11. 并州辖郡九,县九十八。治所晋阳,在今山西太原西南。辖境相当于今山西、内蒙古自治区、河北、陕西的部分地区。主要郡城有上党、太原、上郡、西河 五原、云中、定襄、雁门、朔方。
12. 幽州辖郡、国十一,县九十。治所蓟县,在今北京大兴县西南。辖境相当于今北京市、河北北部、辽宁南部及朝鲜西北部。 主要郡城有涿郡、广阳、代郡、上谷、渔阳、右北平、辽西、辽东、玄菟、乐浪、辽东属国
13. 交州辖郡七,苍太十六。治所龙编,在今越南河内以北。三国孙吴移治番禺,在今广东广州。辖境相当于今广东、广西壮族...
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中考语文阅读题及答案:梯子
年轻的爸爸和他的儿子一起在后花园放风筝。小小的园地,小小的风筝。
小小的风筝飞呀飞的,就飞到了墙头上。墙头上的野花,把风筝紧紧地缠着。
于是爸爸说,必须去拿一架梯子来,然后爬上梯子,取下墙头上的风筝。
爸爸要爬上梯子,但是儿子说:“爸爸,让我来吧!”
爸爸看了看他九岁的儿子,想了又想,终于说:“也好,让你来就让你来。”
猴子一般地,儿子爬到梯子的最高一级了。
儿子转过头来,嘻嘻地笑。他的笑声,像用早晨的牵牛花吹出来的。
解开了风筝绕在野花上的线,正要下来,爸爸却用一只大手和一个声音制止了他,爸爸说:“慢着!”
儿子停住了,望着爸爸,用眼睛问爸爸:“怎么啦?”
爸爸说:“我先讲个故事给你听了,你再下来。”
于是儿子笑得更开心,他一手抓住梯子,一手拿着风筝,等爸爸讲故事,爸爸讲的故事,没有一次不好听的。
爸爸说:“从前有个爸爸,告诉他那个站在一架很高很高的梯子上的儿子说:你跳下来!你一跳下来,爸爸一定会在下面把你抱住。听见爸爸这么说,儿子很放心,就像游泳时跳进水里去一样,纵身一跳。哪里知道当儿子就要投进爸爸的怀抱里的前一秒钟,爸爸的身体一闪,站在一边。儿子扑了个空,掉在地上,屁股差一点就开花。哭哭啼啼地站起身来,儿子问爸爸:为什么要骗他。爸爸说:我要给你一个教训,连你爸爸的话都靠不住,别人说的话,更不必说了。”停了一停,爸爸继续说:“我们也来照着做一次好不好?”
儿子一听,脸都变白了。
爸爸说:“不要怕,勇敢一点,你只要跳那么一次就行了。我要你留下深刻的印象,免得你以后长大了,容易上人家的当。”
但是儿子显然并没有被爸爸的话所说服。他脸上惊愕的表情,丝毫没有消退。然而他还是不敢违抗命令。他站在那儿,动也不敢动。
爸爸开始发号施令了:“听着啊,我喊一二三,喊到三的时候,你就跳下来,然后我就把伸出去假装要接住你的手缩回来,让你跌一个屁滚尿流!”
站在梯子上,儿子的脸像一个还没熟透的橘子。
爸爸喊了:“一……二……三!”
咬紧牙根,忍着泪,儿子从梯子上跳下来了。他等待着自己的身体像一个南瓜,扑的一声,摔得支离破碎……
然而,好奇怪,爸爸的手竟然没缩回去,他的身体也没移开。他还是定定地站在原来的地方。他把掉到他两手中的儿子,牢牢固固、结结实实地接住了,抱住了。
儿子虽然不曾受伤,但是他的神情,比刚才还要疑惑。张大了眼睛,他问:“爸爸,你为什么骗我?”
爸爸笑出声来,爸爸说:“爸爸要让你知道,即使是别人的话,有时也是可以信任的,何况是爸爸的话呢!”
所有的玫瑰花,都回到儿子脸上。他笑着搂住爸爸,不住地吻爸爸的双颊。
爸爸和儿子拉着风筝,向后园的一角跑去。
1、请用一句话概括本文的内容和主题。
答:
2、请用文中的词语,填写出儿子表情变化的过程。
笑——→——→——→笑
3、下面两...
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托福阅读真题100篇:婴幼儿健忘症
托福阅读真题题目:
Infantile Amnesia
What do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.
How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation—that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.
Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continu...
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托福阅读真题100篇:婴幼儿健忘症
托福阅读真题题目:
Infantile Amnesia
What do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.
How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation—that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.
Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continu...
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托福阅读真题100篇:婴幼儿健忘症
托福阅读真题题目:
Infantile Amnesia
What do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.
How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation—that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.
Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues through...
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托福阅读真题100篇:婴幼儿健忘症
托福阅读真题题目:
Infantile Amnesia
What do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events—usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth.
How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation—that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development—also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression—or holding back—of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.
Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of...
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