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A
Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens (奖券) for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.
In the world of monkeys，grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.
The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true? A. Only monkeys and humans can have the sense of fairness in the world. B. Women will show more dissatisfaction than men when unfairly treated.
C. In the wild, monkeys are never unhappy to share their food with each other. D. Monkeys can exchange cucumbers for grapes, for grapes are more attractive. 答案解析：答案为B。本题为推断题，考生需通读全文进行推断。本文讲述了当受到不公平待遇的时候，每个人都会生气，包括动物。但是雌性的动物比雄性的动物更加在意不公平的待遇，研究中用猴子作为实验来证明这一点。文章中第二段 “Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and
services” than males.” 与第三段 “Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study.” 都有此表达，故答案为B “当受到不公平待遇的时候，女性比男性更加不满”。
从最后一段 “Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.”中可知，independently (独立)对应A选项中的only，whether?or?an unanswered question(是否?或者?未知的问题)的表达方式与A选项的意思 “只有猴子与人类才具有公平意识” 不同，故A选项是错误的。
从第三段 “Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.”可知，猴子乐意用石块交换黄瓜，但是当看到另外一只猴子因为石块得到的回报，态度就不一样了。因此C选项 “猴子从不会不高兴彼此分享食物” 与该句意思不符。
从第四段首句 “In the world of monkeys，grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers).” 中注意 “excellent (极好的)” 与 “ preferable(更好的)” 两词，与D选项 “for grapes are more attractive(更具有吸引力的)” 意思不一致。综上分析，A, C, D都不符合文章意思。
2. The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that ________. A. monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows
B. feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings
答案解析：答案为B。本题为句意推断题。结合文章第一段中 “all too human”前面的内容是说当得知别人懒惰却加薪更多的时候，人人都会生气，这是人的本能。接下来提到的 “it is all too monkey” 也是表达 “猴子受到不公平待遇的时候感到痛苦也是猴子的本能。”的意思。故答案为B。A选项 “猴子对懒惰的同伴也会生气”, C选项 “猴子像人类一样会彼此嫉妒”, D选项 “除了猴子没有其他的动物会有那种感觉” 都与文章意思不符。
3. Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are ___ .
A. more likely to weigh what they get B. attentive to researchers’ instructions C. nice in both appearance and behaviors
D. more ready to help others than their male companions
答案解析：答案为A。本题为细节推理题。从文章中第二段 “Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.” 与第三段 “Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study.” 可知，雌性的猴子作为实验是因为她们比雄性的猴子更加关注 “物品与服务” 的价值。A选项 “她们更有可能掂量(weigh)她们得到的”, 与上述分析意思一致，故答案为A。B和D在文章中都未提到;C并不是根本的原因。
4. Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage? A. Human beings' feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.
B. In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others. C. Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.
D. Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness which dates back to 35 million years ago. 答案解析：答案为C。本题为细节理解题。从文章最后一段 “Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.” 可知，只有当每个动物感觉没有被欺骗的时候合作的态度才是坚定的”, C选项的意思 “意识到被欺骗之前猴子之间的合作非常坚定” 与上述分析一致。解答此题注意同义句的转换表达。A, B, D 与文章意思不符合。
5. What can we infer about the monkeys in Sarah’s study? A. The monkeys can be trained to develop social senses. B. They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
C. The monkeys may show their satisfaction with equal treatment. D. Co-operation among the monkeys remains effective in the wild.
答案解析：答案为C。本题为推断题。文章中说，猴子受到不公平待遇的时候会生气，这句话的意思就是C选项的表达 “猴子受到公平待遇的时候会满意”，故答案为C。解答此题仍然要注意推理题设置的技巧：用不同的表达方式来表达同样的意思。
从文章最后一段 “The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living.” 可知，猴子自身就有社会意识，而不是通过训练获得，故A错误。B，D在文章中未提及。
B
The amount of time children spend in institutional care(机构式照顾)may affect how their brains develop. That’s the conclusion of a new study carried out by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, Harvard Medical School and the University of Minnesota. The study is published in Child Development in the journal’s January/ February 2010 issue.
To learn how the lack of care and material needs that institutionalized children often experience affect brain development, the researchers looked at 132 8- and 9-year-olds. Some of them were adopted into U.S. homes after spending at least a year and three quarters of their lives in institutions in Asia, Latin America, Russia and Eastern Europe, and Africa. Others were adopted by the time they were 8 months old into U.S. homes from foster care(寄养)in Asia and Latin America; most of these children had spent no time in institutional care, while some had spent a month or two in institutions prior to foster placement. On average, the internationally adopted children had been living with their families for more than 6 years. These children were compared to a group of American children raised in their birth families.
Children adopted early from foster care didn't differ from children raised in their birth families in the United States. Children adopted from institutional care
performed worse than those raised in families on tests measuring visual memory and attention, learning visual information, and impulse (冲动)control. Yet these children performed at developmentally appropriate levels on tests involving sequencing and planning.
The take-home message: Children make tremendous advances in cognitive(认知的) functioning once they reach their adoptive families, but the early impact on their brains' development is difficult to change completely.
"We identified basic learning processes that are affected by early institutionalization," notes Seth Pollak, professor of psychology and pediatrics at the University of Wisconsin, who was the study's lead author. "Policies that speed the time in which children can be removed from institutionalized care so they can develop within family contexts should be implemented to decrease the likelihood of learning problems later in children's lives." 1. The passage is mainly written to . A. compare two childcare systems B. criticize the institutional childcare C. present a new research finding D. introduce the basic learning process 答案解析：答案为C。本题为主旨大意题。本文运用了总----分----总的写作风格。注意文章第一段 “The amount of time children spend in institutional caremay affect how their brains develop.” 意为 “儿童受到机构式照顾的时间长短或许会影响大脑发育”，和最后一段"Policies that speed the time in which children can be removed from institutionalized care so they can develop within family contexts should be implemented to decrease the likelihood of learning problems later in children's lives." 可知，儿童应摆脱机构式照顾，而应在家庭环境下培养，从而降低他们以后有学习障碍的可能性” ，因此，文章主旨是在陈述一种新的发现。A，B，D都不是文章的主旨。
2. Children have their brain development affected in institutional care
because .
A. they suffer form poor living conditions B. they spend too much time learning
C. they don’t have freedom staying there
D. they are neither physically nor mentally satisfied
答案解析：答案为D。本题为细节推断题。从文章第二段首句 “To learn how the lack
of care and material needs that institutionalized children often experience affect brain development,?”可知， 句中“care(照顾)” 对应D选项的 “mentally(精神地)”, “material needs(物质需求)” 对应D选项的 “physically(身体地)”, 故答案为D。 3.Compared with home-raised children, institutionalized children didn’t do as well
in tasks like .
A. thinking in pictures and self-control B. working in teams and self-expression C. putting things in order and self-defense
D. adapting to the environment and self-panning.
答案解析：答案为A。本题为细节题。从文章的第三段 “Children adopted from institutional care performed worse than those raised in families on tests measuring visual memory and attention, learning visual information, and impulse control.” 可知，机构式照顾下的儿童比家庭环境下培养的儿童在视觉记忆、注意力、视觉信息和冲动控制上表现要差”, 故答案A “ 思考图片和自我控制” 意思符合文章的内容。
4.It can be concluded form the passage that .
A. the United States is a good place for children’s all-round development B. a perfect family is beneficial to children’s all-round development C. children in institutional care can hardly achieve anything great D. nothing has been done to help children in institutional care
答案解析：答案为B。本题为主旨推断题。结合第一题，本文是在陈述一种观点，即：受到机构式照顾的儿童大脑发育会受到影响， 他们应在家庭环境下培养。A选项未提及;C、D选项太绝对。故答案为B。
2013高考英语试题分类小结篇：交际用语2013高考英语试题分类小结篇：非谓语动词
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