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2021年考研英语：虚拟语气的运用技巧
一、 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用
虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用除了可以表示条件外，还可以表示比较、结果、目的等。虚拟语气用于表示条件的状语从句中，一般称为虚拟条件句。根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句中谓语动词时态的变化可能有三种形式，即现在、过去和将来。
If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly
by outlook, values, education, and class.(2001年 TEXT1)
这是一个含有条件状语从句的复合句。If it did是条件状语从句。主句中主语是it;谓语动词有两个，分别是would open up...和look for...。
这是一个与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时，主句用would+动词原形open up和look for。
参考译文：如果它能注意这个问题的话，它就会拓展其雇员多样化项目，而目前的项目只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，去雇佣那些在世界观、价值观、教育背景及社会阶层方面各不相同的记者。
二、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
虚拟语气除了用作状语从句中外，还可以用作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等名词性从中。
第一， 虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用
当it作形式主语，后面用形容词作表语，即在it is + adj.这样的句型中，当描述主语的表语形容词是advisable，critical，crucial，desirable，essential，imperative，important，incredible，inevitable，necessary，recommend，strange，urgent等形容词时，主语从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气，如果是现在时，谓语动词用should/would +动词原形(should/would经常省略);如果是过去时，则用should/would + have done的形式。
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably，the retreat from predominance proved painful.
这是一个含有主语从句的复合句。句首的It是形式主语，真正主语是that从句，该主语从句使用了虚拟语气should+完成时。(2000年 TEXT1)参考译文：随着其他国家日益富裕，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。惟其不可避免，从优势地位上退出愈发痛苦不堪。
第二， 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用
表示“建议、请求、命令、要求”等主观意向的词(如：suggest、advise、assume、decide、demand、desire、insist、propose、order、recommend、require、suggest……)，引导宾语从句时需用虚拟语气。虚拟语气中的格式很固定：谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可以省略。注意这种句型中的虚拟语气形式不受主句动词时态的影响。Theories concerning on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.(2004 CLOSE)
此句是个含有一个宾语从句、两个原因状语从句的复合句。suggest是主句谓语，Suggest后面的宾语从句中的谓语动词engage in前面省略了should.
参考译文：关于个体研究的理论认为，孩子们从事犯罪活动是因为以前他们做错事情时对他们的惩罚力度不够，或是因为他们通过与其他人的交往学会了犯罪。
第三， 虚拟语气在同位语从句中的运用
名词advice、assumption、decision、demand、desire、insistence、order、proposal、requirement、recommendation、suggestion……后面若有同位语从句，从句的谓语动词也应使用虚拟语气的形式。
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”，with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. (2005年 TEXT1)
这是个含有同位语从句的复合句。that引导的同位语从句的谓语动词由would+动词原形be构成。
参考译文：这样的行为被认为“完全是人类独有的特点”，其潜在的含义是其它动物没有这种敏锐的委屈感。
第四，虚拟语气在表语从句中的运用
与同位语从句一样，若主语是某些特定动词的同根名词(参考上一部分同位语从句)，要在它后面的表语从句要用虚拟式。
Another decision is whether the school should be one of the vast majority financed by the State or one of the very small but influential minority of private schools，though this choice is，of course，only available to the small number of those who can pay. (英语专业四级考试01年Text D)
这是个含有表语从句的复合句。主语是another decision;谓语是is;whether……or……是表语从句，其中谓语动词由should+动词原形be构成。参考译文：另一个要做出的决定是：应该选择一所占绝大多数的国立学校呢，还是选择一所数量虽小却有影响力的私立学校呢，当然，只有少数有支付能力的人才有这种选择的权利。
2021年考研英语：英语词汇的语法辨析
一、形容词的句法功能
形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：
(1)以 “a” 开头的形容词如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定语，可做表语或后置定语。
(2)某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结尾的词是形容词，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。
(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：
All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
二、副词主要测试其修饰作用
考生应了解：副词可修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、整个句子。如：
This pair of shoes isn’t good, but that pair is hardly better.
(与前半句的否定意义吻合)
It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.
Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family’s disappointment.
Most of us are of the opinion that this set of training program is among the most wisely devised ones we have seen so far.
三、考比较级时，考生应把握
(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：
Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
(3)比较级的修饰语如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…, 或修饰语+more…than…。如：
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”
(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：
Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
四、最高级形式应注意的问题
(1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：in China, all over the world; of, among 用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses。
注意：among…相当于one of…，不说among all…。这一点考生应与汉语表达区别开来。如：
Of all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.
(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：
any other +单数名词
the other +复数名词
the others
anyone/anything else
上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
五、有关比较级的特殊句型
(1)not so much…as…与其说……不如说……
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
(2)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
(3)no /not any less…than…两者一样都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.
(4)just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
2021年考研英语：英语基本语法的复习指导
一、平行结构
1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，即都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词，或都是句子等。如：
Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.
In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.
2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：
It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.
3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。
(1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.
For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.
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