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2021考研英语：同位语从句的翻译方法
一、定义
一个名词或代词后面有时跟一个名词或起名词作用的成分，对前者进一步说明，叫做同位语。在某些抽象名词后可以用that, whether, when等引导的从句作同位语，称为同位语从句。这些名词有：
agreement一致意见assumption假定awareness意识
belief看法conclusion结论conviction深信
decision决定delusion错觉determination决心
discovery发现doubt怀疑dream梦想
evidence证据explanation解释fact事实
feeling感觉guarantee保证guess猜测
hope希望idea观点knowledge认识
likelihood可能性message信息mind想法
news消息notion观念objection反对
opinion观点possibility可能性prediction预 测
probability可能性problem问题proof证据
proposal建议proposition论点、主张question问题
realization认识rumor传闻sign迹象
truth事实theory理论thought想法
二、结构
(一)由that引导
I have no doubtthat he will overcome all this difficulties.
他会克服一切困难，对此我并不感到怀疑。
【特别提示】：同位语从句引导词that不可省略。
(二)由whether引导
·The questionwhether we need more time to do the workhas not been decided.
我们是否需要更多时间来做这项工作，这个问题还未决定。
(三)由其他词引导的同位语从句
·I have not made up my mindwhat elective subjects I am to take next term.
我还没有决定好下学期上哪些选修课。
·When you are about halfway through the story, try to make a guesshow the plot will develop.
当你把故事读到一半时，猜测一下情节将如何发展。
·I haveno idea when I will be back from Shanghai.
我不知道我什么时候从上海回来。
(四) 同位语从句与被修饰名词的分割
有时，为了保持句式的平衡，将同谓语从句与被修饰的名词分割，其间出现其他成分。
·Concernswere raisedthat witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.
人们日益担心，证人可能会因此而受到鼓励，在法庭上夸大事实以保证陪审团对被告做出有罪的判决。(这里先行词concerns与that同位语从句被谓语were raised隔开。)
三、翻译方法
同位语从句有以下五种翻译方法：
①可以直接翻译在所修饰词后面。
②放在所修饰的名词前面，充当定语。
③译成独立句子：先翻译主句，然后用“就是……”或者“即……”引导出同位语从句，或者把同位语从句译成独立的句子，由冒号或破折号引出。
④用代词指代：先把同位语从句中的内容翻译出来，在后面用“这”或“那”等代词复指它，参加句子主体的构成。
⑤译成宾语 ：把同位语从句修饰的名词转译成动词，而把同位语从句译成宾语。
【试题例句】
What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
【解析】
句子可拆分为：What is harder to establish is //whether the productivity revolution //that businessmen assume //they are presiding over// is for real.
主句为What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution is for real。主句包含两个从句成分：从句what is harder to establish做主语;whether the productivity revolution is for real作表语;that they are presiding over为定语从句修饰the productivity revolution;此定语从句中businessmen assume为主谓结构的插入语。以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等词引导的主语从句及表语从句在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。
【参考译文】难以确定的是，商界人士认为他们所主导的生产力革命是否真的存在
2021考研英语：否定从句的翻译方法
一、否定词not来实现全句否定
最基本的否定自然不用说，那是否定谓语部分来实现对全句的否定，这种情况往往是在系动词、助动词或情态动词之后加否定词not来实现。
二、部分否定
说这个之前同样先来一个句子。Fitzgerald有一部经典著作《了不起的盖茨比》中第一句话是这样的：…just remember that, all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you have had.许多同学包括名家在翻译这部小说时，第一句都译成了“世界上的所有人都不曾拥有你所拥有的优越条件。”但事实上这句话应该是由“all…not” 所构成的部分否定，应该译成“并非世界上的所有人都拥有你所拥有的优越条件。”因此否定的轻微变化使得许多中国学生不太习惯。大部分同学对于部分否定 not all都比较了解，但是对于all….not却知之甚少，但是我相信大家都知道另外一个句子，那就是“All that glitters is not gold.””并非所有发光的都是金子”，记住了这句话，就记住了这个否定。
三、半否定
通过一些否定词，比如：hardly，scarcely, barely, little, few等半否定词来实现。翻译当中只要翻译其本来意思即可。比如在01年阅读第四篇中The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress.像世界通讯这样的通讯公司的合并，似乎不太可能给消费者带来价格上的增长，也不会导致技术发展步伐的放慢。
四、否定转移
这一点就跟我们刚开头所说的形式一样。否定转移是指形式上否定谓语，但在逻辑语义上是否定句子的其他部分。比如：You don’t love a woman because she is beautiful, but she is beautiful because you love her.你不是因为她的美貌而爱她，而是因为你爱她而觉得她美。
五、形式肯定，意义否定的结构
很多时候，我们会发现某些句子在形式上根本就看不到任何否定词，但含有一些特定的词组来表示否定意义，比如：prevent…from…; protect…from…; rather than; too…to..等等这些。而这些否定要弄清楚的唯一办法就是本身要记住的含义，直接翻译即可。
2021考研英语：插入语从句的语法技巧
表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。如：
That’s not what I want. 那不是我要的。
That’s why I have come. 那就是我为什么来了。
My opinion is that things will improve. 我的意见是事情会好起来的。
One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太阳能的一个优点是永远也不会枯竭。
The truth is that he didn’t really try. 实际情况是他没有真正努力。
The problem is who is to pay and when we can start. 问题是谁来付帐、我们又何时开始。
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了。
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。
All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能说的就是我与此事没有关系。
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。
表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，在非正式文体中引导词that可以省略。如：
The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late. 事实是他注意到车时已经太晚了。
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well. 使我感到吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。
All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能说的就是我与此事没有关系。
What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否加入我们。
此外，表语从句还可由as if (好像)引导。如：
It looked as if it was/were going to rain. (虚拟语气)
Now let’s do some translation:
这就是她昨天请一天假的原因。
That is why she had a day off yesterday.
我的想法是，个人的权利应该得到充分尊重。
My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.
问题在于上帝是否真的存在。
The question is whether the God really exists.
我想知道的是，他是如何在这么短的时间内完成这个项目的。
What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.
形容词后的that 从句
that 引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些形容词后面。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用的形容词都是表示思想状况或感情色彩的形容词，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。如：
I am sure/certain that he’s at home now. 我肯定他现在在家。
He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同样的错误，他生气了。
He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他会赢
She is aware that I can’t help her. 她知道我帮不了她的忙。
I am glad that you’ve come. 你来了我很高兴。
He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我说不，他似乎很吃惊。
I am afraid that I can’t promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保证什么。
We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你没能来我们有点失望。
I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有点担心她做不成这件事情。
what 从句的小结
一、意思是“所….的事/物”, 相当于the thing(s) that…, that which…, 或those which…
(1) 引导主语从句。如：
What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情吓了她一跳。
What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾经被认为不可能的事情，现在已经变成了事实。
What I’m afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他们带他到那地方去。What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我们担心的是她的幼稚。
But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最伤我们感情的是法官的私下评论。
What will be, will be. 要发生的事总是要发生的。(谚语)
What is gone is gone. 过去的事就过去了。
(2) 引导表语从句。如：
That’s what I hope. 那就是我希望的。
I should like to be a teacher. That’s what I want to be. 我想当老师，那是我想干的事。
Times are not what they used to be. 时代不同了。
He’s not what he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。
Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身体应该更好。
(3) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语。如：
He could not express what he felt. 他不能表达他的感受。
Well, I’ll do what I can. 好吧，我尽力。
I can’t do what you’ve just asked of me. 我不能做你刚才要求我的事。
And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的东西，他拿上帽子就走了。
As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。(注意时态)
She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。
Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。
It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。
The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父亲开始批评男孩所做的事。(注意时态)
She was not happy at what he had said. 她对他说的话不高兴。
Don’t poke your nose into what doesn’t concern you. 不要多管闲事。
The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 这座城市和十年前不同了。
It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和现在比起来，它那时候是个小地方。
I don’t care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。
Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip经历过的事情使他很消沉。
They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state. 他们能挣来的东西，百分之五十交给了国家。
二、用作插入语，指代后面的成分。这和非限定性定语从句正好相反，非限定性定语从句指代的是前面的成分。
如：
Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Mary’s niece. 后来我发现，他妻子原来是Mary的侄女，这对我是个新闻。
He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他从来不参加男孩子通常做的体育活动，更奇怪的是，他从来不坐船出去到河上面去。
He’s an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他讲话生动有趣，更重要的是，他对课题了如指掌。
He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去参加了会议，而且更糟糕的是，他坚持要发言。
It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。
You’ll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, what’s more, you’ll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不着别人，只能怪你自己;还有，你得不到任何人的同情。
We invited a new speaker and, what’s more, he was happy to come. 我们请到了一位新的发言人，而且他很乐意来。
三、引导让步状语从句，等于“不管什么…”。
注意状语从句的语序。如：
Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她会做什么，她都编不出不去的理由。状语从句把实义动词放在句首，句子倒装。=No matter what she would do, …
Come what may, you’ll always keep it secret. 无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。=No matter what may come, ….
Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已经拿定主意，无论如何他也要呆在那里。=…no matter what might come, …
Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么说，内心里他知道自己错了。= No matter what he will say.
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