2021考研英语:六类语法从句辨析

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  2021考研英语:六类语法从句辨析

  一、从句类型

  在英语中,经常使用的从句有以下六类:

  1. 主语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当主语的成分,该句子被称为主语从句。

  2. 宾语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当宾语的成分,该句子被称为宾语从句。

  3. 表语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当表语的成分,该句子被称为表语从句。

  4. 定语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当定语的成分,该句子被称为定语从句。

  5. 状语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当状语的成分,该句子被称为状语从句。

  6. 同位语从句:一个句子在整个句子中充当同位语的成分,该句子被称为同位语从句。

  二、从句的辨认

  如果想辨认从句类型,学生们应该对从句的基本形式有所认识。无论是哪种从句类型,在句子中充当成分的"句子"应该都具备以下特征:

  从句=从属连词+句子

  了解了从句的基本结构,那么应该如何辨别从句类型呢?学生可以在句子中过简单的公式进行辨认。常见的从句出现形式有四类:

  1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句

  2. 动词+从属连词+句子=宾语从句/表语从句

  3. × +从属连词+句子=状语从句

  4. 从属连词+句子+动词=主语从句

  对于以上四类从句出现形式有了一定的了解,那么今天就首先看看第一类从句出现形式的辨认方法和注意事项吧!

  1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句

  例子1:Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.(1997年Text2)

  从句类型:定语从句

  辨别方式:a virtue(名词)+that(从属连词)+many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers(句子)

  译文:然而,表示友好是一种美德,美国人高度重视这种美德,并期望邻居和陌生人都能有这种美德。

  例子2:One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.

  从句类型:同位语从句

  辨别方式:theory(名词)+that(从属连词)+animals have rights ruling out their use in research(句子)

  译文:一个这样的事业现在正在寻求终止生物医学的研究,因为有这样一种理论说,动物享有权利禁止它们被用于实验。

  ◆定语从句和同位语从句的区分:既然定语从句和同位语从句在辨认形式上都是"名词+从属连词+句子",那么应该如何具体区分定语从句和同位语从句呢?这个时候重点在于从句中是否缺少成分:如果从句中缺少成分,那么应该就是定语从句如果从句中不缺少成分,则是同位语从句。例子1中,从句中动词value和expect是及物动词,缺少宾语,因此that引导的从句应属于定语从句。例子2中,从句中不缺少任何成分,因此that引导的从句应属于同位语从句。

  2. 动词+从属连词+句子=宾语从句/表语从句

  例子3:I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.(2008年Text1)

  从句类型:宾语从句

  辨别方式:think(动词)+从属连词(that)+the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature(句子)

  译文:我认为那种妇女面对的事情往往更具有长期性和反复性。

  例子4:A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.

  从句类型:定语从句

  辨别方式:is(动词)+how(从属连词)+(how) friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them (句子)

  译文:由去美国的游客不断地带来的一个报告是大多数美国人对他们是多么的友好、礼貌和热心。

  ◆宾语从句和表语从句的区分:既然宾语从句和表语从句在形式上都是"动词+从属连词+句子",那么如何进行区分呢?区分宾语从句和表语从句的标志在于从句前的动词是否属于系动词:如果是系动词,那么该从句是表语从句如果不是系动词,那么该从句则是宾语从句。系动词包括:全系动词(be)和半系动词(seem, appear, look, feel, smell,sound, taste, keep, remain, stay, become, go, turn, come, run, get, fall, grow, prove, turn out)。不过在阅读过程中,学生即便不知道系动词有哪些也不影响理解,所以对于系动词的记忆,学生无需有意识记忆。

  3. × +从属连词+句子=状语从句

  例子5:While traditional "paid" media -- such as television commercials and print advertisements --still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.

  从句类型:状语从句

  辨认方式:(×)+ While(从属连词)+traditional "paid" media -- such as television commercials and print advertisements --still play a major role(句子)

  译文:尽管传统的付费媒体,比如说,电视商业广告和纸质广告,依然占据着重要的作用,但现在的公司开发出许多其他的媒体形式。

  4. 从属连词+句子+动词=主语从句

  例子6:That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.(1998年Text5)

  从句类型:主语从句

  辨认方式:That(从属连词)+the plates are moving(句子)+is(动词)

  译文:不容争辩的是,板块正在移动。

  2021考研英语:语法多方面的讲解

  逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数须与主语的意义一致(因有时主语的形式是单数,但意义却为复数有时主语形式为复数,而意义却为单数)。具体请看下文。

  1. what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.

  2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

  3. 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.

  4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数形式(也可用复数。如:One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.

  5. 算式中表示数目(字)的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

  6. 一些学科名词是以 &ndashics 结尾,如:mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn‘t easy to study.

  7. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

  8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。

  2021考研英语语法:逻辑意义一致原则

  语法一致原则是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致,即通常情况下,谓语动词的单复数形式依主语的单复数形式而定, 主语为单数形式时谓语动词用单数形式, 主语为复数形式时谓语动词也用复数形式。具体内容请看下文。

  1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

  注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

  2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。如:Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

  注意:(1)若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.

  3. 主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.

  4. either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.

  注意:(1)在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词)”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:None of us has (have) been to America.

  5. 在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

  6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.

  注意:people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:The police are looking for the lost child.

  7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.

  注意:a number of“许多”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数the number of“……的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。

  8. 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.

  推荐阅读:

  2021考研英语:英语关键句型辨析

  2021考研英语:英语备考之单词辨析(6)

  2021考研英语:英语近义词词汇辨析


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